✨ feat: suppport sandbox provider (#15184)

* ✨ feat(cloud-sandbox): add Onlyboxes provider support for self-hosted sandbox (#15136)

- Add `SANDBOX_PROVIDER` env var (market | onlyboxes) to select sandbox backend
- Add Onlyboxes-specific env vars: `ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL`, `ONLYBOXES_API_TOKEN`, `ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC`
- Create `SandboxService` abstraction layer with `MarketSandboxService` and `OnlyboxesSandboxService` implementations
- Add `createSandboxService` factory that routes to configured provider
- Migrate `execInSandbox` and `exportFile` t

* ✨ feat(sandbox): improve Onlyboxes export flow

* 🐛 fix(sandbox): pass presigned upload headers to Onlyboxes

* ✅ test(sandbox): import tool runtime package

* 🐛 fix(sandbox): preserve Market export errors

* 🐛 fix(sandbox): allow empty docker env defaults

* 🔒 fix: redact sandbox auth params in logs

* 🐛 fix: address sandbox provider review comments

* 🔐 feat: use onlyboxes jit tokens

* 📝 docs: clarify cloud sandbox provider config

* 🐛 fix: align cloud sandbox timeout defaults

* 🐛 fix(sandbox): lower default Onlyboxes lease TTL to 15 minutes

* 🐛 fix(sandbox): cap Onlyboxes task wait time

* ♻️ refactor: split sandbox env config

.env.example

@@ -223,6 +223,29 @@ OPENAI_API_KEY=sk-xxxxxxxxx
 # The LobeChat agents market index url
 # AGENTS_INDEX_URL=https://chat-agents.lobehub.com
 
+# #######################################
+# ######### Cloud Sandbox Service #######
+# #######################################
+
+# Sandbox provider for built-in code execution, shell, file operations, and export.
+# Supported values: market, onlyboxes
+# SANDBOX_PROVIDER=market
+
+# Required when SANDBOX_PROVIDER=onlyboxes. Base URL of the Onlyboxes console API, without /api/v1.
+# ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL=https://onlyboxes.example.com
+
+# Required when SANDBOX_PROVIDER=onlyboxes. Must match Onlyboxes CONSOLE_JIT_SIGNING_KEY.
+# ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY=onlyboxes-jit-signing-secret
+
+# Optional JIT token issuer. Defaults to APP_URL.
+# ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER=https://lobehub.example.com
+
+# Optional JIT token TTL in seconds.
+# ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC=1800
+
+# Optional terminal session lease in seconds for the Onlyboxes provider.
+# ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC=900
+
 # #######################################
 # ########### Plugin Service ############
 # #######################################

Dockerfile

@@ -210,6 +210,14 @@ ENV NEXT_PUBLIC_S3_DOMAIN="" \
     S3_ENABLE_PATH_STYLE="" \
     S3_SET_ACL=""
 
+# Cloud Sandbox
+ENV SANDBOX_PROVIDER="" \
+    ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL="" \
+    ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER="" \
+    ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY="" \
+    ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC="" \
+    ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC=""
+
 # Model Variables
 ENV \
     # AI21

docs/self-hosting/environment-variables.mdx

@@ -19,11 +19,13 @@ LobeHub provides some additional configuration options when deployed, which can
 
   <Card href={'environment-variables/model-provider'} title={'Model Service Providers'} />
 
-  <Cards href={'environment-variables/auth'} title={'Authentication'} />
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/auth'} title={'Authentication'} />
 
-  <Cards href={'environment-variables/s3'} title={'S3 Storage Service'} />
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/s3'} title={'S3 Storage Service'} />
 
-  <Cards href={'environment-variables/analytics'} title={'Data Analytics'} />
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/cloud-sandbox'} title={'Cloud Sandbox'} />
+
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/analytics'} title={'Data Analytics'} />
 </Cards>
 
 ## Building a Custom Image with Overridden `NEXT_PUBLIC` Variables

docs/self-hosting/environment-variables.zh-CN.mdx

@@ -13,13 +13,15 @@ tags:
 LobeHub 在部署时提供了一些额外的配置项，你可以使用环境变量进行自定义设置。
 
 <Cards>
-  <Cards href={'environment-variables/basic'} title={'基础环境变量'} />
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/basic'} title={'基础环境变量'} />
 
-  <Cards href={'environment-variables/model-provider'} title={'模型服务商'} />
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/model-provider'} title={'模型服务商'} />
 
-  <Cards href={'environment-variables/auth'} title={'身份验证'} />
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/auth'} title={'身份验证'} />
 
-  <Cards href={'environment-variables/s3'} title={'S3 存储服务'} />
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/s3'} title={'S3 存储服务'} />
 
-  <Cards href={'environment-variables/analytics'} title={'数据统计'} />
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/cloud-sandbox'} title={'云端沙箱'} />
+
+  <Card href={'environment-variables/analytics'} title={'数据统计'} />
 </Cards>

docs/self-hosting/environment-variables/cloud-sandbox.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+---
+title: Configuring Cloud Sandbox
+description: Configure the built-in Cloud Sandbox provider, including Market and self-hosted Onlyboxes.
+tags:
+  - Cloud Sandbox
+  - Onlyboxes
+  - Self-hosting
+---
+
+# Configuring Cloud Sandbox
+
+Cloud Sandbox powers the built-in code execution, shell command, file operation, and file export tools. By default, LobeHub uses the Market sandbox. Self-hosted deployments can switch the same tool surface to an Onlyboxes-compatible sandbox provider.
+
+## Core Environment Variables
+
+### `SANDBOX_PROVIDER`
+
+- Type: Optional
+- Description: Selects the server-side sandbox provider.
+- Default: `market`
+- Example: `onlyboxes`
+
+Supported values:
+
+- `market`: Use the existing Market sandbox.
+- `onlyboxes`: Use an Onlyboxes-compatible self-hosted sandbox console.
+
+### `MARKET_BASE_URL`
+
+- Type: Optional
+- Description: Base URL of the Market service. Leave it unset when using the official Market; set it only when connecting to a self-hosted or dedicated Market service.
+- Default: `https://market.lobehub.com`
+- Example: `https://market.example.com`
+
+### `MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_ID`
+
+- Type: Optional
+- Description: Market Trusted Client ID used by the LobeHub server to call Market capabilities on behalf of the current user. It must be registered by the target Market service.
+- Default: -
+- Example: `lobechat-com`
+
+### `MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_SECRET`
+
+- Type: Optional
+- Description: Shared secret for the Market Trusted Client. It must match the target Market service configuration.
+- Default: -
+- Example: `your-market-trusted-client-secret`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL`
+
+- Type: Required when `SANDBOX_PROVIDER=onlyboxes`
+- Description: Base URL of the Onlyboxes console API. Do not include `/api/v1`.
+- Default: -
+- Example: `https://onlyboxes.example.com`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY`
+
+- Type: Required when `SANDBOX_PROVIDER=onlyboxes`
+- Description: HMAC signing key used to mint Onlyboxes MCP JIT bearer tokens. It must match the Onlyboxes console `CONSOLE_JIT_SIGNING_KEY`.
+- Default: -
+- Example: `onlyboxes-jit-signing-secret`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER`
+
+- Type: Optional
+- Description: Issuer used in Onlyboxes JIT token claims.
+- Default: `APP_URL`
+- Example: `https://lobehub.example.com`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC`
+
+- Type: Optional
+- Description: Lifetime of each Onlyboxes JIT token minted by LobeHub.
+- Default: `1800`
+- Example: `900`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC`
+
+- Type: Optional
+- Description: Lease duration for persistent terminal sessions created by the Cloud Sandbox provider.
+- Default: `900`
+- Example: `3600`
+
+## Market Configuration
+
+By default, LobeHub uses the official Market sandbox and does not require extra sandbox configuration:
+
+```bash
+# SANDBOX_PROVIDER=market
+```
+
+To explicitly use Market, or to connect to a self-hosted or dedicated Market service, configure:
+
+```bash
+SANDBOX_PROVIDER=market
+MARKET_BASE_URL=https://market.example.com
+```
+
+If that Market service requires the LobeHub server to call sandbox, credential, or skill capabilities on behalf of the current user, also configure Trusted Client credentials:
+
+```bash
+MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_ID=lobechat-com
+MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_SECRET=your-market-trusted-client-secret
+```
+
+`MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_ID` must be registered in the Market service's trusted client allowlist, and `MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_SECRET` must match the shared secret configured on the Market service. Without Trusted Client credentials, Market capabilities that require authentication continue to use the existing user authorization flow.
+
+## Onlyboxes Runtime Requirements
+
+The configured Onlyboxes worker should expose `terminalExec` and `terminalResource`. LobeHub uses `terminalExec` as the compatibility layer for shell commands, code execution, and file operations, and uses `terminalResource` for file export through a pre-signed upload URL.
+
+For feature parity with the Market sandbox, the terminal runtime image should include:
+
+- `python3`, used by file operation wrappers and Python execution
+- `node`, used by JavaScript execution
+- `npx` with access to `tsx`, used by TypeScript execution
+- Standard shell utilities such as `base64`, `find`, and `grep`
+
+Minimum configuration for using Onlyboxes:
+
+```bash
+SANDBOX_PROVIDER=onlyboxes
+ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL=https://onlyboxes.example.com
+ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY=onlyboxes-jit-signing-secret
+```
+
+Set the same secret on the Onlyboxes console:
+
+```bash
+CONSOLE_JIT_SIGNING_KEY=onlyboxes-jit-signing-secret
+```
+
+<Callout type={'info'}>
+  File export still writes the exported artifact to the configured LobeHub S3 storage. Configure the
+  S3 environment variables when users need to download files generated inside the sandbox.
+</Callout>

docs/self-hosting/environment-variables/cloud-sandbox.zh-CN.mdx

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+---
+title: 配置云端沙箱
+description: 配置内置云端沙箱能力，包括 Market 和自托管 Onlyboxes。
+tags:
+  - 云端沙箱
+  - Onlyboxes
+  - 自托管
+---
+
+# 配置云端沙箱
+
+云端沙箱用于内置的代码执行、Shell 命令、文件操作和文件导出工具。默认情况下，LobeHub 使用 Market 沙箱；自托管部署可以把同一套工具能力切换到兼容 Onlyboxes 的沙箱提供方。
+
+## 核心环境变量
+
+### `SANDBOX_PROVIDER`
+
+- 类型：可选
+- 描述：选择服务端使用的沙箱提供方。
+- 默认值：`market`
+- 示例：`onlyboxes`
+
+支持的取值：
+
+- `market`：使用现有 Market 沙箱。
+- `onlyboxes`：使用兼容 Onlyboxes 的自托管沙箱 Console。
+
+### `MARKET_BASE_URL`
+
+- 类型：可选
+- 描述：Market 服务的基础 URL。使用官方 Market 时无需配置；仅当你需要连接自托管或专用 Market 服务时设置。
+- 默认值：`https://market.lobehub.com`
+- 示例：`https://market.example.com`
+
+### `MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_ID`
+
+- 类型：可选
+- 描述：Market Trusted Client 的客户端 ID，用于让 LobeHub 服务端代表当前用户调用 Market 能力。需要由对应 Market 服务登记。
+- 默认值：-
+- 示例：`lobechat-com`
+
+### `MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_SECRET`
+
+- 类型：可选
+- 描述：Market Trusted Client 的共享密钥，必须与对应 Market 服务端配置一致。
+- 默认值：-
+- 示例：`your-market-trusted-client-secret`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL`
+
+- 类型：当 `SANDBOX_PROVIDER=onlyboxes` 时必填
+- 描述：Onlyboxes Console API 的基础 URL，不需要包含 `/api/v1`。
+- 默认值：-
+- 示例：`https://onlyboxes.example.com`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY`
+
+- 类型：当 `SANDBOX_PROVIDER=onlyboxes` 时必填
+- 描述：用于签发 Onlyboxes MCP JIT Bearer Token 的 HMAC 密钥，必须与 Onlyboxes Console 的 `CONSOLE_JIT_SIGNING_KEY` 一致。
+- 默认值：-
+- 示例：`onlyboxes-jit-signing-secret`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER`
+
+- 类型：可选
+- 描述：Onlyboxes JIT Token claims 中使用的签发方。
+- 默认值：`APP_URL`
+- 示例：`https://lobehub.example.com`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC`
+
+- 类型：可选
+- 描述：LobeHub 签发的每个 Onlyboxes JIT Token 的有效期。
+- 默认值：`1800`
+- 示例：`900`
+
+### `ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC`
+
+- 类型：可选
+- 描述：云端沙箱提供方创建持久终端会话时使用的租约时长。
+- 默认值：`900`
+- 示例：`3600`
+
+## Market 配置
+
+默认情况下，LobeHub 使用官方 Market 沙箱，不需要额外配置：
+
+```bash
+# SANDBOX_PROVIDER=market
+```
+
+如果你需要显式使用 Market，或者连接自托管 / 专用 Market 服务，可以配置：
+
+```bash
+SANDBOX_PROVIDER=market
+MARKET_BASE_URL=https://market.example.com
+```
+
+如果该 Market 服务要求 LobeHub 服务端代表当前用户调用沙箱、凭据或技能能力，还需要配置 Trusted Client：
+
+```bash
+MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_ID=lobechat-com
+MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_SECRET=your-market-trusted-client-secret
+```
+
+`MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_ID` 需要在 Market 服务端的可信客户端白名单中，`MARKET_TRUSTED_CLIENT_SECRET` 需要与 Market 服务端共享密钥一致。未配置 Trusted Client 时，Market 侧需要认证的能力会继续使用现有的用户授权流程。
+
+## Onlyboxes 运行时要求
+
+配置的 Onlyboxes worker 需要暴露 `terminalExec` 和 `terminalResource`。LobeHub 使用 `terminalExec` 作为 Shell 命令、代码执行和文件操作的兼容层，并使用 `terminalResource` 通过预签名上传 URL 导出文件。
+
+为了和 Market 沙箱保持能力对等，终端运行镜像应包含：
+
+- `python3`，用于文件操作封装和 Python 执行
+- `node`，用于 JavaScript 执行
+- `npx` 以及可用的 `tsx`，用于 TypeScript 执行
+- `base64`、`find`、`grep` 等常见 Shell 工具
+
+使用 Onlyboxes 时的最小配置：
+
+```bash
+SANDBOX_PROVIDER=onlyboxes
+ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL=https://onlyboxes.example.com
+ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY=onlyboxes-jit-signing-secret
+```
+
+Onlyboxes Console 侧需要配置同一个密钥：
+
+```bash
+CONSOLE_JIT_SIGNING_KEY=onlyboxes-jit-signing-secret
+```
+
+<Callout type={'info'}>
+  文件导出仍会把沙箱内产物写入 LobeHub 配置的 S3 存储。如果用户需要下载沙箱生成的文件，请同时配置 S3
+  相关环境变量。
+</Callout>

package.json

@@ -277,6 +277,7 @@
     "@lobechat/python-interpreter": "workspace:*",
     "@lobechat/shared-tool-ui": "workspace:*",
     "@lobechat/ssrf-safe-fetch": "workspace:*",
+    "@lobechat/tool-runtime": "workspace:*",
     "@lobechat/utils": "workspace:*",
     "@lobechat/web-crawler": "workspace:*",
     "@lobehub/analytics": "^1.6.2",

packages/builtin-tool-cloud-sandbox/src/ExecutionRuntime/index.ts

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import type {
  *
  * Dependency Injection:
  * - Client: Inject codeInterpreterService (uses tRPC client)
- * - Server: Inject ServerSandboxService (uses MarketSDK directly)
+ * - Server: Inject configured sandbox provider (Market, Onlyboxes, etc.)
  */
 export class CloudSandboxExecutionRuntime extends ComputerRuntime {
   private sandboxService: ISandboxService;

packages/builtin-tool-cloud-sandbox/src/manifest.ts

@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ export const CloudSandboxManifest: BuiltinToolManifest = {
       },
     },
     {
+      defaultTimeoutMs: 120_000,
       description:
         'Execute a shell command and return its output. Supports both synchronous and background execution with timeout control.',
       humanIntervention: 'required',

packages/builtin-tool-cloud-sandbox/src/systemRole.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ export const systemPrompt = `You have access to a Cloud Sandbox that provides a
 - Each conversation topic has its own isolated session
 - Sessions may expire after inactivity; files will be recreated if needed
 - The sandbox has its own isolated file system starting at the root directory
-- Commands will time out after 60 seconds by default
+- Commands will time out after 120 seconds by default
 - **Default shell is /bin/sh** (typically dash or ash), NOT bash. The \`source\` command may not work as expected. If you need bash-specific features or \`source\`, wrap your command with bash: \`bash -c "source ~/.creds/env && your_command"\`
 
 **Credential Injection Locations:**

packages/builtin-tool-cloud-sandbox/src/types/service.ts

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ export interface SandboxCallToolResult {
  * Result of exporting and uploading a file from sandbox
  */
 export interface SandboxExportFileResult {
-  error?: { message: string };
+  error?: { message: string; name?: string };
   fileId?: string;
   filename: string;
   mimeType?: string;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export interface SandboxExportFileResult {
  * Context (topicId, userId) is bound at service creation time, not passed per-call.
  * This allows CloudSandboxExecutionRuntime to work on both client and server:
  * - Client: Implemented via tRPC client (codeInterpreterService)
- * - Server: Implemented via MarketSDK directly (ServerSandboxService)
+ * - Server: Implemented via the configured sandbox provider
  */
 export interface ISandboxService {
   /**

packages/tool-runtime/src/ComputerRuntime.ts

@@ -307,6 +307,7 @@ export abstract class ComputerRuntime {
       }
 
       const r = result.result || {};
+      const commandSuccess = typeof r.success === 'boolean' ? r.success : result.success;
 
       const state: RunCommandState = {
         commandId: r.commandId || r.shell_id,
@@ -316,7 +317,7 @@ export abstract class ComputerRuntime {
         output: r.output,
         stderr: r.stderr,
         stdout: r.stdout,
-        success: result.success,
+        success: commandSuccess,
       };
 
       const content = formatCommandResult({
@@ -325,7 +326,7 @@ export abstract class ComputerRuntime {
         shellId: r.commandId || r.shell_id,
         stderr: r.stderr,
         stdout: r.stdout || r.output,
-        success: result.success,
+        success: commandSuccess,
       });
 
       return { content, state, success: true };
@@ -346,19 +347,21 @@ export abstract class ComputerRuntime {
       }
 
       const r = result.result || {};
+      const outputSuccess = typeof r.success === 'boolean' ? r.success : result.success;
 
       const state: GetCommandOutputState = {
         error: r.error,
         exitCode: r.exitCode ?? r.exit_code,
         newOutput: r.newOutput || r.output,
-        success: result.success,
+        running: r.running ?? false,
+        success: outputSuccess,
       };
 
       const content = formatCommandOutput({
         error: r.error,
         exitCode: r.exitCode ?? r.exit_code,
         output: r.newOutput || r.output,
-        success: result.success,
+        success: outputSuccess,
       });
 
       return { content, state, success: true };
@@ -379,16 +382,19 @@ export abstract class ComputerRuntime {
         });
       }
 
+      const killSuccess =
+        typeof result.result?.success === 'boolean' ? result.result.success : result.success;
+
       const state: KillCommandState = {
         commandId: args.commandId,
         error: result.result?.error,
-        success: result.success,
+        success: killSuccess,
       };
 
       const content = formatKillResult({
         error: result.result?.error,
         shellId: args.commandId,
-        success: result.success,
+        success: killSuccess,
       });
 
       return { content, state, success: true };

packages/tool-runtime/src/types.ts

@@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ export interface GetCommandOutputState {
   error?: string;
   exitCode?: number;
   newOutput?: string;
+  running?: boolean;
   success: boolean;
 }
 

src/envs/__tests__/sandbox.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// @vitest-environment node
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+describe('getSandboxConfig', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules();
+    delete process.env.SANDBOX_PROVIDER;
+    delete process.env.ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL;
+    delete process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER;
+    delete process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY;
+    delete process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC;
+    delete process.env.ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC;
+  });
+
+  it('should treat docker empty string defaults as unset optional values', async () => {
+    process.env.SANDBOX_PROVIDER = '';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL = '';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER = '';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY = '';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC = '';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC = '';
+
+    const { getSandboxConfig } = await import('../sandbox');
+    const config = getSandboxConfig();
+
+    expect(config.SANDBOX_PROVIDER).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC).toBeUndefined();
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('should parse configured sandbox values', async () => {
+    process.env.SANDBOX_PROVIDER = 'onlyboxes';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL = 'https://onlyboxes.example.com';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER = 'lobehub-test';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY = 'jit-signing-key';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC = '900';
+    process.env.ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC = '3600';
+
+    const { getSandboxConfig } = await import('../sandbox');
+    const config = getSandboxConfig();
+
+    expect(config.SANDBOX_PROVIDER).toBe('onlyboxes');
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL).toBe('https://onlyboxes.example.com');
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER).toBe('lobehub-test');
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY).toBe('jit-signing-key');
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC).toBe(900);
+    expect(config.ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC).toBe(3600);
+  });
+});

src/envs/sandbox.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+import { createEnv } from '@t3-oss/env-core';
+import { z } from 'zod';
+
+const emptyStringToUndefined = (value: unknown) => (value === '' ? undefined : value);
+
+export const getSandboxConfig = () => {
+  return createEnv({
+    runtimeEnv: {
+      ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL: process.env.ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL,
+      ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER: process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER,
+      ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY: process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY,
+      ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC: process.env.ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC,
+      ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC: process.env.ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC,
+      SANDBOX_PROVIDER: process.env.SANDBOX_PROVIDER,
+    },
+    server: {
+      ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL: z.preprocess(emptyStringToUndefined, z.string().url().optional()),
+      ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER: z.preprocess(emptyStringToUndefined, z.string().optional()),
+      ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY: z.preprocess(emptyStringToUndefined, z.string().optional()),
+      ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC: z.preprocess(
+        emptyStringToUndefined,
+        z.coerce.number().int().positive().optional(),
+      ),
+      ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC: z.preprocess(emptyStringToUndefined, z.coerce.number().optional()),
+      SANDBOX_PROVIDER: z.preprocess(
+        emptyStringToUndefined,
+        z.enum(['market', 'onlyboxes']).optional(),
+      ),
+    },
+  });
+};
+
+export const sandboxEnv = getSandboxConfig();

src/server/modules/S3/index.test.ts

@@ -380,6 +380,24 @@ describe('FileS3', () => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe('createPreSignedUpload', () => {
+    it('should return upload headers required by the signed PUT request', async () => {
+      const s3 = new FileS3();
+
+      const result = await s3.createPreSignedUpload('upload-file.txt');
+
+      expect(PutObjectCommand).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+        ACL: 'public-read',
+        Bucket: 'test-bucket',
+        Key: 'upload-file.txt',
+      });
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        headers: { 'x-amz-acl': 'public-read' },
+        url: 'https://presigned-url.example.com',
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('createPreSignedUrlForPreview', () => {
     it('should create presigned URL for preview with default expiration', async () => {
       const s3 = new FileS3();

src/server/modules/S3/index.ts

@@ -24,6 +24,12 @@ export const listFileSchema = z.array(fileSchema);
 export type FileType = z.infer<typeof fileSchema>;
 
 const DEFAULT_S3_REGION = 'us-east-1';
+const PUBLIC_READ_ACL_HEADER = 'public-read';
+
+export interface PreSignedUpload {
+  headers?: Record<string, string>;
+  url: string;
+}
 
 export class S3 {
   private readonly client: S3Client;
@@ -133,13 +139,23 @@ export class S3 {
   }
 
   public async createPreSignedUrl(key: string): Promise<string> {
+    const upload = await this.createPreSignedUpload(key);
+    return upload.url;
+  }
+
+  public async createPreSignedUpload(key: string): Promise<PreSignedUpload> {
     const command = new PutObjectCommand({
-      ACL: this.setAcl ? 'public-read' : undefined,
+      ACL: this.setAcl ? PUBLIC_READ_ACL_HEADER : undefined,
       Bucket: this.bucket,
       Key: key,
     });
 
-    return getSignedUrl(this.client, command, { expiresIn: 3600 });
+    const url = await getSignedUrl(this.client, command, { expiresIn: 3600 });
+
+    return {
+      headers: this.setAcl ? { 'x-amz-acl': PUBLIC_READ_ACL_HEADER } : undefined,
+      url,
+    };
   }
 
   public async createPreSignedUrlForPreview(key: string, expiresIn?: number): Promise<string> {

src/server/routers/tools/market.ts

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import { MARKET_AUTH_REQUIRED_MESSAGE } from '@lobechat/desktop-bridge';
-import { type CodeInterpreterToolName } from '@lobehub/market-sdk';
 import { TRPCError } from '@trpc/server';
 import debug from 'debug';
-import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { AgentSkillModel } from '@/database/models/agentSkill';
@@ -12,7 +10,6 @@ import { authedProcedure, router } from '@/libs/trpc/lambda';
 import { marketUserInfo, serverDatabase, telemetry } from '@/libs/trpc/lambda/middleware';
 import { marketSDK, requireMarketAuth } from '@/libs/trpc/lambda/middleware/marketSDK';
 import { isTrustedClientEnabled } from '@/libs/trusted-client';
-import { FileS3 } from '@/server/modules/S3';
 import { DiscoverService } from '@/server/services/discover';
 import { FileService } from '@/server/services/file';
 import { MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
@@ -20,6 +17,7 @@ import {
   contentBlocksToString,
   processContentBlocks,
 } from '@/server/services/mcp/contentProcessor';
+import { createSandboxService } from '@/server/services/sandbox';
 
 import { scheduleToolCallReport } from './_helpers';
 import {
@@ -30,6 +28,27 @@ import {
 
 const log = debug('lobe-server:tools:market');
 
+const isSandboxAuthError = (error?: { message?: string; name?: string }) => {
+  const code = error?.name;
+  const message = error?.message || '';
+
+  return (
+    code === 'invalid_token' ||
+    code === 'token_expired' ||
+    code === 'unauthorized' ||
+    message.toLowerCase().includes('invalid_token') ||
+    message.toLowerCase().includes('token expired') ||
+    message.toLowerCase().includes('unauthorized')
+  );
+};
+
+const throwSandboxAuthError = () => {
+  throw new TRPCError({
+    code: 'UNAUTHORIZED',
+    message: MARKET_AUTH_REQUIRED_MESSAGE,
+  });
+};
+
 // ============================== Common Procedure ==============================
 const marketToolProcedure = authedProcedure
   .use(serverDatabase)
@@ -197,7 +216,7 @@ const execInSandboxHandler = async ({
         const fullUrl = await ctx.fileService.getFullFileUrl(fileInfo.url);
         if (fullUrl) {
           skillZipUrls[activatedSkill.name] = fullUrl;
-          log('Resolved zipUrl for skill %s: %s', activatedSkill.name, fullUrl);
+          log('Resolved zipUrl for skill %s', activatedSkill.name);
         }
       }
 
@@ -211,50 +230,22 @@ const execInSandboxHandler = async ({
       }
     }
 
-    const market = ctx.marketService.market;
+    const sandboxService = createSandboxService({
+      fileService: ctx.fileService,
+      marketService: ctx.marketService,
+      topicId,
+      userId,
+    });
 
-    const response = await market.plugins.runBuildInTool(
+    const response = await sandboxService.callTool(toolName, enhancedParams);
-      toolName as CodeInterpreterToolName,
-      enhancedParams as any,
-      { topicId, userId },
-    );
 
     log('execInSandbox response for %s: %O', toolName, response);
 
-    if (!response.success) {
+    if (!response.success && isSandboxAuthError(response.error)) {
-      const errorCode = response.error?.code;
+      throwSandboxAuthError();
-      const errorMessage = response.error?.message || 'Unknown error';
-
-      // Check for authentication errors and throw UNAUTHORIZED to trigger market auth flow
-      if (
-        errorCode === 'invalid_token' ||
-        errorCode === 'token_expired' ||
-        errorCode === 'unauthorized' ||
-        errorMessage.toLowerCase().includes('invalid_token') ||
-        errorMessage.toLowerCase().includes('token expired')
-      ) {
-        throw new TRPCError({
-          code: 'UNAUTHORIZED',
-          message: MARKET_AUTH_REQUIRED_MESSAGE,
-        });
     }
 
-      return {
+    return response;
-        error: {
-          message: errorMessage,
-          name: errorCode,
-        },
-        result: null,
-        sessionExpiredAndRecreated: false,
-        success: false,
-      };
-    }
-
-    return {
-      result: response.data?.result,
-      sessionExpiredAndRecreated: response.data?.sessionExpiredAndRecreated || false,
-      success: true,
-    };
   } catch (error) {
     log('execInSandbox error for %s: %O', toolName, error);
 
@@ -659,94 +650,19 @@ export const marketRouter = router({
       log('Exporting and uploading file: %s from path: %s in topic: %s', filename, path, topicId);
 
       try {
-        const s3 = new FileS3();
+        const sandboxService = createSandboxService({
-
+          fileService: ctx.fileService,
-        // Use date-based sharding for privacy compliance (GDPR, CCPA)
+          marketService: ctx.marketService,
-        const today = new Date().toISOString().split('T')[0];
+          topicId,
-
+          userId: ctx.userId,
-        // Generate a unique key for the exported file
-        const key = `code-interpreter-exports/${today}/${topicId}/${filename}`;
-
-        // Step 1: Generate pre-signed upload URL
-        const uploadUrl = await s3.createPreSignedUrl(key);
-        log('Generated upload URL for key: %s', key);
-
-        // Step 2: Use MarketService from ctx
-        const market = ctx.marketService.market;
-
-        // Step 3: Call sandbox's exportFile tool with the upload URL
-        const response = await market.plugins.runBuildInTool(
-          'exportFile',
-          { path, uploadUrl },
-          { topicId, userId: ctx.userId },
-        );
-
-        log('Sandbox exportFile response: %O', response);
-
-        if (!response.success) {
-          const errorCode = response.error?.code;
-          const errorMessage = response.error?.message || 'Failed to export file from sandbox';
-
-          // Check for authentication errors and throw UNAUTHORIZED
-          if (
-            errorCode === 'invalid_token' ||
-            errorCode === 'token_expired' ||
-            errorCode === 'unauthorized' ||
-            errorMessage.toLowerCase().includes('invalid_token') ||
-            errorMessage.toLowerCase().includes('token expired')
-          ) {
-            throw new TRPCError({
-              code: 'UNAUTHORIZED',
-              message:
-                'Market authorization expired. An authorization dialog has been shown to the user. Please wait for the user to complete authorization and then retry the current task.',
         });
+        const result = await sandboxService.exportAndUploadFile(path, filename);
+
+        if (!result.success && isSandboxAuthError(result.error)) {
+          throwSandboxAuthError();
         }
 
-          return {
+        return result as ExportAndUploadFileResult;
-            error: { message: errorMessage },
-            filename,
-            success: false,
-          } as ExportAndUploadFileResult;
-        }
-
-        const result = response.data?.result;
-        const uploadSuccess = result?.success !== false;
-
-        if (!uploadSuccess) {
-          return {
-            error: { message: result?.error || 'Failed to upload file from sandbox' },
-            filename,
-            success: false,
-          } as ExportAndUploadFileResult;
-        }
-
-        // Step 4: Get file metadata from S3 to verify upload and get actual size
-        const metadata = await s3.getFileMetadata(key);
-        const fileSize = metadata.contentLength;
-        const mimeType = metadata.contentType || result?.mimeType || 'application/octet-stream';
-
-        // Step 5: Create persistent file record using FileService
-        // Generate a simple hash from the key (since we don't have the actual file content)
-        const fileHash = sha256(key + Date.now().toString());
-
-        const { fileId, url } = await ctx.fileService.createFileRecord({
-          fileHash,
-          fileType: mimeType,
-          name: filename,
-          size: fileSize,
-          url: key, // Store S3 key
-        });
-
-        log('Created file record: fileId=%s, url=%s', fileId, url);
-
-        return {
-          fileId,
-          filename,
-          mimeType,
-          size: fileSize,
-          success: true,
-          url, // This is the permanent /f/:id URL
-        } as ExportAndUploadFileResult;
       } catch (error) {
         log('Error in exportAndUploadFile: %O', error);
 
@@ -763,11 +679,7 @@ export const marketRouter = router({
           errorMessage.toLowerCase().includes('token expired') ||
           errorMessage.toLowerCase().includes('unauthorized')
         ) {
-          throw new TRPCError({
+          throwSandboxAuthError();
-            code: 'UNAUTHORIZED',
-            message:
-              'Market authorization expired. An authorization dialog has been shown to the user. Please wait for the user to complete authorization and then retry the current task.',
-          });
         }
 
         return {

src/server/services/file/__tests__/index.test.ts

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ vi.mock('../impls', () => ({
     getFileContent: vi.fn(),
     getFileByteArray: vi.fn(),
     getFileMetadata: vi.fn(),
+    createPreSignedUpload: vi.fn(),
     createPreSignedUrl: vi.fn(),
     createPreSignedUrlForPreview: vi.fn(),
     createCachedPreSignedUrlForPreview: vi.fn(),
@@ -207,6 +208,20 @@ describe('FileService', () => {
     expect(result).toBe(expectedUrl);
   });
 
+  it('should delegate createPreSignedUpload to implementation', async () => {
+    const testKey = 'test-key';
+    const expectedUpload = {
+      headers: { 'x-amz-acl': 'public-read' },
+      url: 'https://example.com/signed-url',
+    };
+    vi.mocked(service['impl'].createPreSignedUpload).mockResolvedValue(expectedUpload);
+
+    const result = await service.createPreSignedUpload(testKey);
+
+    expect(service['impl'].createPreSignedUpload).toHaveBeenCalledWith(testKey);
+    expect(result).toBe(expectedUpload);
+  });
+
   it('should delegate createPreSignedUrlForPreview to implementation', async () => {
     const testKey = 'test-key';
     const expiresIn = 3600;

src/server/services/file/impls/s3.test.ts

@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ vi.mock('@/server/modules/S3', () => ({
     getFileMetadata: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ contentLength: 1024, contentType: 'image/png' }),
     deleteFile: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({}),
     deleteFiles: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({}),
+    createPreSignedUpload: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+      headers: { 'x-amz-acl': 'public-read' },
+      url: 'https://upload.example.com/test.jpg',
+    }),
     createPreSignedUrl: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('https://upload.example.com/test.jpg'),
     uploadContent: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({}),
     uploadMedia: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({}),
@@ -281,6 +285,18 @@ describe('S3StaticFileImpl', () => {
     });
   });
 
+  describe('createPreSignedUpload', () => {
+    it('should call S3 createPreSignedUpload and return upload headers', async () => {
+      const result = await fileService.createPreSignedUpload('test.jpg');
+
+      expect(fileService['s3'].createPreSignedUpload).toHaveBeenCalledWith('test.jpg');
+      expect(result).toEqual({
+        headers: { 'x-amz-acl': 'public-read' },
+        url: 'https://upload.example.com/test.jpg',
+      });
+    });
+  });
+
   describe('getFileMetadata', () => {
     it('should call S3 getFileMetadata and return metadata', async () => {
       const result = await fileService.getFileMetadata('test.png');

src/server/services/file/impls/s3.ts

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import { getRedisConfig } from '@/envs/redis';
 import { initializeRedis, isRedisEnabled } from '@/libs/redis';
 import { FileS3 } from '@/server/modules/S3';
 
-import { type FileServiceImpl } from './type';
+import type { FileServiceImpl, PreSignedUpload } from './type';
 
 const log = debug('lobe-file:s3');
 
@@ -64,6 +64,10 @@ export class S3StaticFileImpl implements FileServiceImpl {
     return this.s3.createPreSignedUrl(key);
   }
 
+  async createPreSignedUpload(key: string): Promise<PreSignedUpload> {
+    return this.s3.createPreSignedUpload(key);
+  }
+
   async getFileMetadata(key: string): Promise<{ contentLength: number; contentType?: string }> {
     return this.s3.getFileMetadata(key);
   }

src/server/services/file/impls/type.ts

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+import type { PreSignedUpload } from '@/server/modules/S3';
+
+export type { PreSignedUpload };
+
 /**
  * File service implementation interface
  */
@@ -6,6 +10,12 @@ export interface FileServiceImpl {
    * Create cached pre-signed preview URL
    */
   createCachedPreSignedUrlForPreview: (url?: string | null, expiresIn?: number) => Promise<string>;
+
+  /**
+   * Create pre-signed upload descriptor
+   */
+  createPreSignedUpload: (key: string) => Promise<PreSignedUpload>;
+
   /**
    * Create pre-signed upload URL
    */

src/server/services/file/index.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import { TempFileManager } from '@/server/utils/tempFileManager';
 import { isDev } from '@/utils/env';
 
 import { createFileServiceModule } from './impls';
-import { type FileServiceImpl } from './impls/type';
+import type { FileServiceImpl, PreSignedUpload } from './impls/type';
 
 export const getFileProxyUrl = (fileId: string): string => `${appEnv.APP_URL}/f/${fileId}`;
 
@@ -72,6 +72,13 @@ export class FileService {
     return this.impl.createPreSignedUrl(key);
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Create pre-signed upload descriptor
+   */
+  public async createPreSignedUpload(key: string): Promise<PreSignedUpload> {
+    return this.impl.createPreSignedUpload(key);
+  }
+
   /**
    * Get file metadata from storage
    * Used to verify actual file size instead of trusting client-provided values

src/server/services/heterogeneousAgent/sandboxRunner.ts

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import debug from 'debug';
 
 import { appEnv } from '@/envs/app';
 import type { MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
+import { createSandboxService } from '@/server/services/sandbox';
 
 const log = debug('lobe-server:hetero-sandbox-runner');
 
@@ -96,8 +97,8 @@ function buildRepoSetupScript(repos: string[], githubToken?: string): string | n
 /**
  * Launches `lh hetero exec` inside the cloud sandbox via `runCommand`.
  *
- * Uses the same MarketService path as ServerSandboxService.callTool —
+ * Uses the configured sandbox provider so cloud, third-party, and self-hosted
- * `marketService.getSDK().plugins.runBuildInTool('runCommand', params, ctx)`.
+ * sandboxes share the same launch path.
  *
  * The sandbox container already has `lh` (the LobeHub CLI) installed.
  * The operation-scoped JWT is injected as `LOBEHUB_JWT` so the CLI can
@@ -192,7 +193,14 @@ export async function spawnHeteroSandbox(params: SandboxRunParams): Promise<void
     topicId,
   );
 
-  await marketService
+  const sandboxService = createSandboxService({ marketService, topicId, userId });
-    .getSDK()
+  const result = await sandboxService.callTool('runCommand', {
-    .plugins.runBuildInTool('runCommand', { command: shellCommand } as any, { topicId, userId });
+    background: true,
+    command: shellCommand,
+    timeout: 600_000,
+  });
+
+  if (!result.success) {
+    throw new Error(result.error?.message || 'Failed to spawn heterogeneous sandbox');
+  }
 }

src/server/services/sandbox/__tests__/computerRuntime.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import type { ServiceResult } from '@lobechat/tool-runtime';
+import { ComputerRuntime } from '@lobechat/tool-runtime';
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+
+class TestComputerRuntime extends ComputerRuntime {
+  constructor(private readonly serviceResult: ServiceResult) {
+    super();
+  }
+
+  protected async callService(): Promise<ServiceResult> {
+    return this.serviceResult;
+  }
+}
+
+describe('ComputerRuntime command status mapping', () => {
+  it('uses command result success when command transport succeeds with non-zero exit code', async () => {
+    const runtime = new TestComputerRuntime({
+      result: {
+        exitCode: 2,
+        stderr: 'failed',
+        stdout: 'partial',
+        success: false,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+
+    const result = await runtime.runCommand({ command: 'exit 2' });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      state: {
+        exitCode: 2,
+        stderr: 'failed',
+        stdout: 'partial',
+        success: false,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('uses command output result success when background task transport succeeds', async () => {
+    const runtime = new TestComputerRuntime({
+      result: {
+        output: 'failed',
+        running: false,
+        success: false,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+
+    const result = await runtime.getCommandOutput({ commandId: 'task-1' });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      state: {
+        newOutput: 'failed',
+        running: false,
+        success: false,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+  });
+});

src/server/services/sandbox/__tests__/factory.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+import type { MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
+
+const baseOptions = {
+  marketService: {} as MarketService,
+  topicId: 'topic-1',
+  userId: 'user-1',
+};
+
+describe('sandbox service factory', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules();
+  });
+
+  it('uses the market provider by default', async () => {
+    vi.doMock('@/envs/sandbox', () => ({
+      sandboxEnv: {},
+    }));
+
+    const { createSandboxService } = await import('../factory');
+    const service = createSandboxService(baseOptions);
+
+    expect(service.kind).toBe('market');
+    expect(service.capabilities).toMatchObject({
+      backgroundCommands: true,
+      exportFile: true,
+      files: true,
+      persistentSession: true,
+      shell: true,
+      skillScripts: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('uses the onlyboxes provider when configured', async () => {
+    vi.doMock('@/envs/app', () => ({
+      appEnv: {
+        APP_URL: 'https://lobehub.example.com',
+      },
+    }));
+    vi.doMock('@/envs/sandbox', () => ({
+      sandboxEnv: {
+        ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL: 'https://onlyboxes.example.com',
+        ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY: 'jit-signing-key',
+        SANDBOX_PROVIDER: 'onlyboxes',
+      },
+    }));
+
+    const { createSandboxService } = await import('../factory');
+    const service = createSandboxService(baseOptions);
+
+    expect(service.kind).toBe('onlyboxes');
+    expect(service.capabilities.languages).toEqual(['python', 'javascript', 'typescript']);
+  });
+});

src/server/services/sandbox/__tests__/service.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+import type { FileService } from '@/server/services/file';
+import type { MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
+
+import type { SandboxProvider } from '../types';
+
+describe('SandboxMiddlewareService', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules();
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+  });
+
+  it('uploads provider exports through the shared file record flow', async () => {
+    const { SandboxMiddlewareService: TestSandboxMiddlewareService } = await import('../service');
+    const exportFileToUploadUrl = vi.fn(async () => ({
+      result: { mime_type: 'text/plain' },
+      success: true,
+    }));
+    const provider = {
+      capabilities: {
+        backgroundCommands: true,
+        exportFile: true,
+        files: true,
+        languages: ['python'],
+        persistentSession: true,
+        shell: true,
+        skillScripts: true,
+      },
+      callTool: vi.fn(),
+      exportFileToUploadUrl,
+      kind: 'onlyboxes',
+    } satisfies SandboxProvider;
+
+    const fileService = {
+      createPreSignedUpload: vi.fn(async () => ({
+        headers: { 'x-amz-acl': 'public-read' },
+        url: 'https://uploads.example.com/put',
+      })),
+      createFileRecord: vi.fn(async () => ({ fileId: 'file-1', url: '/f/file-1' })),
+      getFileMetadata: vi.fn(async () => ({
+        contentLength: 42,
+        contentType: 'text/csv',
+      })),
+    } as unknown as FileService;
+
+    const service = new TestSandboxMiddlewareService(provider, {
+      fileService,
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await service.exportAndUploadFile('/workspace/result.csv', 'result.csv');
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      fileId: 'file-1',
+      filename: 'result.csv',
+      mimeType: 'text/csv',
+      size: 42,
+      success: true,
+      url: '/f/file-1',
+    });
+    expect(exportFileToUploadUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
+      filename: 'result.csv',
+      path: '/workspace/result.csv',
+      uploadHeaders: { 'x-amz-acl': 'public-read' },
+      uploadUrl: 'https://uploads.example.com/put',
+    });
+    expect(fileService.createFileRecord).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        fileType: 'text/csv',
+        name: 'result.csv',
+        size: 42,
+        url: expect.stringMatching(
+          /^code-interpreter-exports\/\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}\/topic-1\/result\.csv$/,
+        ),
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('normalizes provider export failures before storage metadata is read', async () => {
+    const provider = {
+      capabilities: {
+        backgroundCommands: true,
+        exportFile: true,
+        files: true,
+        languages: ['python'],
+        persistentSession: true,
+        shell: true,
+        skillScripts: true,
+      },
+      callTool: vi.fn(),
+      exportFileToUploadUrl: vi.fn(async () => ({
+        error: { message: 'no such file', name: 'not_found' },
+        success: false,
+      })),
+      kind: 'onlyboxes',
+    } satisfies SandboxProvider;
+
+    const { SandboxMiddlewareService } = await import('../service');
+    const fileService = {
+      createFileRecord: vi.fn(),
+      createPreSignedUpload: vi.fn(async () => ({ url: 'https://uploads.example.com/put' })),
+      getFileMetadata: vi.fn(),
+    } as unknown as FileService;
+
+    const service = new SandboxMiddlewareService(provider, {
+      fileService,
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await service.exportAndUploadFile('/workspace/missing.txt', 'missing.txt');
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      error: { message: 'no such file', name: 'not_found' },
+      filename: 'missing.txt',
+      success: false,
+    });
+    expect(fileService.getFileMetadata).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+    expect(fileService.createFileRecord).not.toHaveBeenCalled();
+  });
+});

src/server/services/sandbox/factory.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+import { sandboxEnv } from '@/envs/sandbox';
+
+import { MarketSandboxProvider } from './providers/market';
+import { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } from './providers/onlyboxes';
+import { SandboxMiddlewareService } from './service';
+import type {
+  SandboxProvider,
+  SandboxProviderKind,
+  SandboxService,
+  SandboxServiceOptions,
+} from './types';
+
+export const getSandboxProviderKind = (): SandboxProviderKind => {
+  return sandboxEnv.SANDBOX_PROVIDER || 'market';
+};
+
+const createSandboxProvider = (options: SandboxServiceOptions): SandboxProvider => {
+  switch (getSandboxProviderKind()) {
+    case 'onlyboxes': {
+      return new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider(options);
+    }
+
+    case 'market': {
+      return new MarketSandboxProvider(options);
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+export const createSandboxService = (options: SandboxServiceOptions): SandboxService => {
+  return new SandboxMiddlewareService(createSandboxProvider(options), options);
+};

src/server/services/sandbox/index.ts

@@ -1,186 +1,12 @@
-import {
+export { createSandboxService, getSandboxProviderKind } from './factory';
-  type ISandboxService,
+export { MarketSandboxProvider, ServerSandboxService } from './providers/market';
-  type SandboxCallToolResult,
+export { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } from './providers/onlyboxes';
-  type SandboxExportFileResult,
+export { normalizeSandboxCommandResult, SandboxMiddlewareService } from './service';
-} from '@lobechat/builtin-tool-cloud-sandbox';
+export type {
-import { type CodeInterpreterToolName } from '@lobehub/market-sdk';
+  SandboxFileExporter,
-import debug from 'debug';
+  SandboxProvider,
-import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
+  SandboxProviderKind,
-
+  SandboxService,
-import { FileS3 } from '@/server/modules/S3';
+  SandboxServiceOptions,
-import { type FileService } from '@/server/services/file';
+  SandboxSessionContext,
-import { type MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
+} from './types';
-
-const log = debug('lobe-server:sandbox-service');
-
-export interface ServerSandboxServiceOptions {
-  fileService: FileService;
-  marketService: MarketService;
-  topicId: string;
-  userId: string;
-}
-
-/**
- * Server-side Sandbox Service
- *
- * This service implements ISandboxService for server-side execution.
- * Context (topicId, userId) is bound at construction time.
- * It uses MarketService to call sandbox tools.
- *
- * Usage:
- * - Used by BuiltinToolsExecutor when executing CloudSandbox tools on server
- * - MarketService handles authentication via trustedClientToken
- */
-export class ServerSandboxService implements ISandboxService {
-  private fileService: FileService;
-  private marketService: MarketService;
-  private topicId: string;
-  private userId: string;
-
-  constructor(options: ServerSandboxServiceOptions) {
-    this.fileService = options.fileService;
-    this.marketService = options.marketService;
-    this.topicId = options.topicId;
-    this.userId = options.userId;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Call a sandbox tool via MarketService
-   */
-  async callTool(toolName: string, params: Record<string, any>): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
-    log('Calling sandbox tool: %s with params: %O, topicId: %s', toolName, params, this.topicId);
-
-    try {
-      const response = await this.marketService
-        .getSDK()
-        .plugins.runBuildInTool(toolName as CodeInterpreterToolName, params as any, {
-          topicId: this.topicId,
-          userId: this.userId,
-        });
-
-      log('Sandbox tool %s response: %O', toolName, response);
-
-      if (!response.success) {
-        return {
-          error: {
-            message: response.error?.message || 'Unknown error',
-            name: response.error?.code,
-          },
-          result: null,
-          sessionExpiredAndRecreated: false,
-          success: false,
-        };
-      }
-
-      return {
-        result: response.data?.result,
-        sessionExpiredAndRecreated: response.data?.sessionExpiredAndRecreated || false,
-        success: true,
-      };
-    } catch (error) {
-      log('Error calling sandbox tool %s: %O', toolName, error);
-
-      return {
-        error: {
-          message: (error as Error).message,
-          name: (error as Error).name,
-        },
-        result: null,
-        sessionExpiredAndRecreated: false,
-        success: false,
-      };
-    }
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Export and upload a file from sandbox to S3
-   *
-   * Steps:
-   * 1. Generate S3 pre-signed upload URL
-   * 2. Call sandbox exportFile tool to upload file
-   * 3. Verify upload success and get metadata
-   * 4. Create persistent file record
-   */
-  async exportAndUploadFile(path: string, filename: string): Promise<SandboxExportFileResult> {
-    log('Exporting file: %s from path: %s, topicId: %s', filename, path, this.topicId);
-
-    try {
-      const s3 = new FileS3();
-
-      // Use date-based sharding for privacy compliance (GDPR, CCPA)
-      const today = new Date().toISOString().split('T')[0];
-
-      // Generate a unique key for the exported file
-      const key = `code-interpreter-exports/${today}/${this.topicId}/${filename}`;
-
-      // Step 1: Generate pre-signed upload URL
-      const uploadUrl = await s3.createPreSignedUrl(key);
-      log('Generated upload URL for key: %s', key);
-
-      // Step 2: Call sandbox's exportFile tool with the upload URL
-      const response = await this.marketService.exportFile({
-        path,
-        topicId: this.topicId,
-        uploadUrl,
-        userId: this.userId,
-      });
-
-      log('Sandbox exportFile response: %O', response);
-
-      if (!response.success) {
-        return {
-          error: { message: response.error?.message || 'Failed to export file from sandbox' },
-          filename,
-          success: false,
-        };
-      }
-
-      const result = response.data?.result;
-      const uploadSuccess = result?.success !== false;
-
-      if (!uploadSuccess) {
-        return {
-          error: { message: result?.error || 'Failed to upload file from sandbox' },
-          filename,
-          success: false,
-        };
-      }
-
-      // Step 3: Get file metadata from S3 to verify upload and get actual size
-      const metadata = await s3.getFileMetadata(key);
-      const fileSize = metadata.contentLength;
-      const mimeType = metadata.contentType || result?.mimeType || 'application/octet-stream';
-
-      // Step 4: Create persistent file record using FileService
-      // Generate a simple hash from the key (since we don't have the actual file content)
-      const fileHash = sha256(key + Date.now().toString());
-
-      const { fileId, url } = await this.fileService.createFileRecord({
-        fileHash,
-        fileType: mimeType,
-        name: filename,
-        size: fileSize,
-        url: key, // Store S3 key
-      });
-
-      log('Created file record: fileId=%s, url=%s', fileId, url);
-
-      return {
-        fileId,
-        filename,
-        mimeType,
-        size: fileSize,
-        success: true,
-        url, // This is the permanent /f/:id URL
-      };
-    } catch (error) {
-      log('Error exporting file: %O', error);
-
-      return {
-        error: { message: (error as Error).message },
-        filename,
-        success: false,
-      };
-    }
-  }
-}

src/server/services/sandbox/providers/market.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+import { describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+import type { MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
+
+import { MarketSandboxProvider, redactSandboxParams } from './market';
+
+describe('MarketSandboxProvider', () => {
+  const createMarketService = (response: unknown) =>
+    ({
+      exportFile: vi.fn(async () => response),
+      getSDK: vi.fn(() => ({
+        plugins: {
+          runBuildInTool: vi.fn(async () => response),
+        },
+      })),
+    }) as unknown as MarketService;
+
+  it('keeps the previous Market sandbox callTool success response shape', async () => {
+    const marketService = createMarketService({
+      data: {
+        result: {
+          exitCode: 0,
+          stdout: 'ok',
+        },
+        sessionExpiredAndRecreated: true,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+    const provider = new MarketSandboxProvider({
+      marketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('runCommand', { command: 'echo ok' });
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      result: {
+        exitCode: 0,
+        stdout: 'ok',
+      },
+      sessionExpiredAndRecreated: true,
+      success: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('keeps the previous Market sandbox callTool error mapping', async () => {
+    const marketService = createMarketService({
+      error: {
+        code: 'token_expired',
+        message: 'expired',
+      },
+      success: false,
+    });
+    const provider = new MarketSandboxProvider({
+      marketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('runCommand', { command: 'echo ok' });
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      error: {
+        message: 'expired',
+        name: 'token_expired',
+      },
+      result: null,
+      sessionExpiredAndRecreated: false,
+      success: false,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('preserves Market sandbox export error codes for authorization handling', async () => {
+    const marketService = createMarketService({
+      error: {
+        code: 'token_expired',
+        message: 'expired',
+      },
+      success: false,
+    });
+    const provider = new MarketSandboxProvider({
+      marketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.exportFileToUploadUrl({
+      filename: 'report.txt',
+      path: '/workspace/report.txt',
+      uploadUrl: 'https://uploads.example.com/put',
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      error: {
+        message: 'expired',
+        name: 'token_expired',
+      },
+      success: false,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('keeps the previous Market sandbox export success response shape', async () => {
+    const marketService = createMarketService({
+      data: {
+        result: {
+          mimeType: 'text/plain',
+          success: true,
+        },
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+    const provider = new MarketSandboxProvider({
+      marketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.exportFileToUploadUrl({
+      filename: 'report.txt',
+      path: '/workspace/report.txt',
+      uploadUrl: 'https://uploads.example.com/put',
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      mimeType: 'text/plain',
+      result: {
+        mimeType: 'text/plain',
+        success: true,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('keeps the previous Market sandbox upload failure mapping', async () => {
+    const marketService = createMarketService({
+      data: {
+        result: {
+          error: 'upload failed',
+          success: false,
+        },
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+    const provider = new MarketSandboxProvider({
+      marketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.exportFileToUploadUrl({
+      filename: 'report.txt',
+      path: '/workspace/report.txt',
+      uploadUrl: 'https://uploads.example.com/put',
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toEqual({
+      error: {
+        message: 'upload failed',
+      },
+      success: false,
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('redactSandboxParams', () => {
+    it('redacts auth env assignments from command logs without changing other params', () => {
+      const params = {
+        command:
+          'LOBEHUB_JWT=mock-jwt LOBEHUB_SERVER=https://app.lobehub.com npx -y @lobehub/cli topic list && GITHUB_TOKEN="ghp_token" gh repo view',
+        timeout: 1000,
+      };
+
+      expect(redactSandboxParams(params)).toEqual({
+        command:
+          'LOBEHUB_JWT=[redacted] LOBEHUB_SERVER=https://app.lobehub.com npx -y @lobehub/cli topic list && GITHUB_TOKEN=[redacted] gh repo view',
+        timeout: 1000,
+      });
+    });
+
+    it('redacts sandbox resource URLs from params', () => {
+      expect(
+        redactSandboxParams({
+          skillZipUrls: { chart: 'https://files.example.com/chart.zip' },
+          zipUrl: 'https://files.example.com/legacy.zip',
+        }),
+      ).toEqual({
+        skillZipUrls: '[redacted]',
+        zipUrl: '[redacted]',
+      });
+    });
+  });
+});

src/server/services/sandbox/providers/market.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+import type { SandboxCallToolResult } from '@lobechat/builtin-tool-cloud-sandbox';
+import type { CodeInterpreterToolName } from '@lobehub/market-sdk';
+import debug from 'debug';
+
+import { SandboxMiddlewareService } from '../service';
+import type {
+  SandboxProvider,
+  SandboxProviderCapabilities,
+  SandboxProviderFileExportRequest,
+  SandboxProviderFileExportResult,
+  SandboxService,
+  SandboxServiceOptions,
+} from '../types';
+
+const log = debug('lobe-server:sandbox:market');
+const REDACTED_SANDBOX_PARAM = '[redacted]';
+const SANDBOX_AUTH_ENV_PATTERN = /\b(LOBEHUB_JWT|GITHUB_TOKEN)=("[^"]*"|'[^']*'|\S+)/g;
+
+export class MarketSandboxProvider implements SandboxProvider {
+  readonly capabilities = {
+    backgroundCommands: true,
+    exportFile: true,
+    files: true,
+    languages: ['python', 'javascript', 'typescript'],
+    persistentSession: true,
+    shell: true,
+    skillScripts: true,
+  } as const satisfies SandboxProviderCapabilities;
+
+  readonly kind = 'market';
+
+  private readonly options: SandboxServiceOptions;
+
+  constructor(options: SandboxServiceOptions) {
+    this.options = options;
+  }
+
+  async callTool(
+    toolName: string,
+    params: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    const { marketService, topicId, userId } = this.options;
+
+    log(
+      'Calling sandbox tool: %s with params: %O, topicId: %s',
+      toolName,
+      redactSandboxParams(params),
+      topicId,
+    );
+
+    try {
+      const response = await marketService
+        .getSDK()
+        .plugins.runBuildInTool(toolName as CodeInterpreterToolName, params as never, {
+          topicId,
+          userId,
+        });
+
+      log('Sandbox tool %s response: %O', toolName, response);
+
+      if (!response.success) {
+        return {
+          error: {
+            message: response.error?.message || 'Unknown error',
+            name: response.error?.code,
+          },
+          result: null,
+          sessionExpiredAndRecreated: false,
+          success: false,
+        };
+      }
+
+      return {
+        result: response.data?.result,
+        sessionExpiredAndRecreated: response.data?.sessionExpiredAndRecreated || false,
+        success: true,
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      log('Error calling sandbox tool %s: %O', toolName, error);
+
+      return {
+        error: {
+          message: (error as Error).message,
+          name: (error as Error).name,
+        },
+        result: null,
+        sessionExpiredAndRecreated: false,
+        success: false,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  async exportFileToUploadUrl({
+    path,
+    uploadUrl,
+  }: SandboxProviderFileExportRequest): Promise<SandboxProviderFileExportResult> {
+    const { marketService, topicId, userId } = this.options;
+
+    try {
+      const response = await marketService.exportFile({
+        path,
+        topicId,
+        uploadUrl,
+        userId,
+      });
+
+      log('Sandbox exportFile response: %O', response);
+
+      if (!response.success) {
+        return {
+          error: {
+            message: response.error?.message || 'Failed to export file from sandbox',
+            name: response.error?.code,
+          },
+          success: false,
+        };
+      }
+
+      const result = response.data?.result;
+      const uploadSuccess = result?.success !== false;
+
+      if (!uploadSuccess) {
+        return {
+          error: { message: result?.error || 'Failed to upload file from sandbox' },
+          success: false,
+        };
+      }
+
+      return {
+        mimeType: result?.mimeType,
+        result,
+        success: true,
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      log('Error exporting file: %O', error);
+
+      return {
+        error: { message: (error as Error).message },
+        success: false,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export const redactSandboxParams = (params: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+  const hasCommand = typeof params.command === 'string';
+  if (!params.skillZipUrls && !params.zipUrl && !hasCommand) return params;
+
+  const redacted = {
+    ...params,
+  };
+
+  if (params.zipUrl) redacted.zipUrl = REDACTED_SANDBOX_PARAM;
+  if (params.skillZipUrls) redacted.skillZipUrls = REDACTED_SANDBOX_PARAM;
+  if (typeof params.command === 'string') {
+    redacted.command = params.command.replaceAll(
+      SANDBOX_AUTH_ENV_PATTERN,
+      (_, name: string) => `${name}=${REDACTED_SANDBOX_PARAM}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  return redacted;
+};
+
+/** @deprecated Use createSandboxService. */
+export class ServerSandboxService extends SandboxMiddlewareService implements SandboxService {
+  constructor(options: SandboxServiceOptions) {
+    super(new MarketSandboxProvider(options), options);
+  }
+}

src/server/services/sandbox/providers/onlyboxes.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,554 @@
+import { createHmac } from 'node:crypto';
+
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+import type { MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
+
+const decodeJITPayload = (authorization?: string) => {
+  const token = authorization?.replace('Bearer ', '') || '';
+  const [payload] = token.replace('obx_jit_v1.', '').split('.');
+
+  return JSON.parse(Buffer.from(payload, 'base64url').toString('utf8')) as {
+    exp: number;
+    iss: string;
+    sub: string;
+  };
+};
+
+const verifyJITSignature = (authorization?: string) => {
+  const token = authorization?.replace('Bearer ', '') || '';
+  const [signed, signature] = token.split(/\.(?=[^.]+$)/);
+  const expected = createHmac('sha256', 'jit-signing-key').update(signed).digest('base64url');
+
+  return signature === expected;
+};
+
+describe('OnlyboxesSandboxProvider', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules();
+    vi.restoreAllMocks();
+    vi.setSystemTime(new Date('2026-05-30T00:00:00.000Z'));
+    vi.doMock('@/envs/app', () => ({
+      appEnv: {
+        APP_URL: 'https://lobehub.example.com',
+      },
+    }));
+    vi.doMock('@/envs/sandbox', () => ({
+      sandboxEnv: {
+        ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL: 'https://onlyboxes.example.com/',
+        ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY: 'jit-signing-key',
+        ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC: 900,
+        ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC: 120,
+      },
+    }));
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers();
+  });
+
+  it('maps runCommand to the terminal command endpoint with a persistent session', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = vi.fn(async () => {
+      return new Response(
+        JSON.stringify({
+          exit_code: 0,
+          session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+          stderr: '',
+          stdout: 'ok\n',
+        }),
+        { status: 200 },
+      );
+    });
+    vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock);
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('runCommand', { command: 'echo ok' });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      result: { exitCode: 0, stdout: 'ok\n' },
+      success: true,
+    });
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'https://onlyboxes.example.com/api/v1/commands/terminal',
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          command: 'echo ok',
+          create_if_missing: true,
+          lease_ttl_sec: 120,
+          session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+          timeout_ms: 120_000,
+        }),
+        method: 'POST',
+      }),
+    );
+    const [, init] = fetchMock.mock.calls[0] as unknown as [string, RequestInit];
+    const headers = init.headers as Headers;
+    const authorization = headers.get('Authorization') || undefined;
+    expect(authorization).toMatch(/^Bearer obx_jit_v1\./);
+    expect(verifyJITSignature(authorization)).toBe(true);
+    expect(decodeJITPayload(authorization)).toEqual({
+      exp: Date.parse('2026-05-30T00:15:00.000Z'),
+      iss: 'https://lobehub.example.com',
+      sub: 'user-1',
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('treats non-zero terminal exit codes as successful tool transport results', async () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'fetch',
+      vi.fn(async () => {
+        return new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 2,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: 'failed\n',
+            stdout: 'partial\n',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        );
+      }),
+    );
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('runCommand', { command: 'exit 2' });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      result: {
+        exitCode: 2,
+        stderr: 'failed\n',
+        stdout: 'partial\n',
+        success: false,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('returns a provider error when background command submission fails', async () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'fetch',
+      vi.fn(async () => {
+        return new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            error: {
+              code: 'no_worker',
+              message: 'no compatible worker',
+            },
+            status: 'failed',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        );
+      }),
+    );
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('runCommand', {
+      background: true,
+      command: 'sleep 10',
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      error: { message: 'no compatible worker' },
+      result: null,
+      success: false,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('treats running background command polls as successful output retrievals', async () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'fetch',
+      vi.fn(async () => {
+        return new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            result: {
+              stdout: 'partial\n',
+            },
+            status: 'running',
+            task_id: 'task-1',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        );
+      }),
+    );
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('getCommandOutput', { commandId: 'task-1' });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      result: {
+        newOutput: 'partial\n',
+        running: true,
+        success: true,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('unwraps JSON output from terminal-backed file operations', async () => {
+    vi.stubGlobal(
+      'fetch',
+      vi.fn(async () => {
+        return new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: JSON.stringify({
+              files: [{ isDirectory: false, name: 'a.txt' }],
+              totalCount: 1,
+            }),
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        );
+      }),
+    );
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('listLocalFiles', { directoryPath: '/workspace' });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      result: {
+        files: [{ isDirectory: false, name: 'a.txt' }],
+        totalCount: 1,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('writes files through chunked terminal scripts instead of embedding content in one command', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: JSON.stringify({ success: true }),
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      )
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: JSON.stringify({ bytesWritten: 11, success: true }),
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      );
+    vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock);
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('writeLocalFile', {
+      content: 'hello world',
+      createDirectories: true,
+      path: '/workspace/report.txt',
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      result: { bytesWritten: 11, success: true },
+      success: true,
+    });
+    const firstCallBody = JSON.parse(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[0][1].body)) as {
+      command: string;
+    };
+    const secondCallBody = JSON.parse(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[1][1].body)) as {
+      command: string;
+    };
+    expect(firstCallBody.command).toContain("path.write_bytes(b'')");
+    expect(secondCallBody.command).toContain("path.open('ab')");
+    expect(firstCallBody.command).not.toContain('hello world');
+    expect(secondCallBody.command).not.toContain('hello world');
+  });
+
+  it('ensures a terminal session exists before exporting files through terminalResource', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: '',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      )
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            result: {
+              file_path: '/workspace/report.txt',
+              mime_type: 'text/plain',
+              session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+              size_bytes: 12,
+            },
+            status: 'succeeded',
+            task_id: 'task-1',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      );
+    vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock);
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.exportFileToUploadUrl({
+      filename: 'report.txt',
+      path: '/workspace/report.txt',
+      uploadHeaders: { 'x-amz-acl': 'public-read' },
+      uploadUrl: 'https://uploads.example.com/put',
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      mimeType: 'text/plain',
+      success: true,
+    });
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      1,
+      'https://onlyboxes.example.com/api/v1/commands/terminal',
+      expect.any(Object),
+    );
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenNthCalledWith(
+      2,
+      'https://onlyboxes.example.com/api/v1/tasks',
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          capability: 'terminalResource',
+          input: {
+            action: 'export',
+            file_path: '/workspace/report.txt',
+            headers: { 'x-amz-acl': 'public-read' },
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            signed_url: 'https://uploads.example.com/put',
+          },
+          mode: 'sync',
+          timeout_ms: 120_000,
+          wait_ms: 60_000,
+        }),
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('runs execScript from a prepared skill directory when skill zip URLs are available', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: '',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      )
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: 'from skill\n',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      );
+    vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock);
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('execScript', {
+      activatedSkills: [{ id: 'skill-1', name: 'demo' }],
+      command: 'python scripts/run.py',
+      skillZipUrls: { demo: 'https://files.example.com/demo.zip' },
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      result: {
+        stdout: 'from skill\n',
+        success: true,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+
+    const setupBody = JSON.parse(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[0][1].body)) as { command: string };
+    const commandBody = JSON.parse(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[1][1].body)) as { command: string };
+    expect(setupBody.command).toContain("curl -fsSL 'https://files.example.com/demo.zip'");
+    expect(setupBody.command).toContain('unzip -q');
+    expect(commandBody.command).toContain("cd '/tmp/lobe-skills/");
+    expect(commandBody.command).toContain("/demo'");
+    expect(commandBody.command).toContain('python scripts/run.py');
+  });
+
+  it('prepares all skill zip URLs and runs execScript from the last activated skill directory', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: '',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      )
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: 'from second skill\n',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      );
+    vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock);
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('execScript', {
+      activatedSkills: [
+        { id: 'skill-1', name: 'first skill' },
+        { id: 'skill-2', name: 'second/skill' },
+      ],
+      command: 'python scripts/run.py',
+      skillZipUrls: {
+        'first skill': 'https://files.example.com/first.zip',
+        'second/skill': 'https://files.example.com/second.zip',
+      },
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      result: {
+        stdout: 'from second skill\n',
+        success: true,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+
+    const setupBody = JSON.parse(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[0][1].body)) as { command: string };
+    const commandBody = JSON.parse(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[1][1].body)) as { command: string };
+    expect(setupBody.command).toContain("curl -fsSL 'https://files.example.com/first.zip'");
+    expect(setupBody.command).toContain("curl -fsSL 'https://files.example.com/second.zip'");
+    expect(setupBody.command).toContain('/first-skill/');
+    expect(setupBody.command).toContain('/second-skill/');
+    expect(commandBody.command).toContain("cd '/tmp/lobe-skills/");
+    expect(commandBody.command).toContain("/second-skill'");
+    expect(commandBody.command).toContain('python scripts/run.py');
+  });
+
+  it('uses the configured skill name for legacy single zipUrl execScript calls', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = vi
+      .fn()
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: '',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      )
+      .mockResolvedValueOnce(
+        new Response(
+          JSON.stringify({
+            exit_code: 0,
+            session_id: 'lobe-user-1-topic-1',
+            stderr: '',
+            stdout: 'from legacy skill\n',
+          }),
+          { status: 200 },
+        ),
+      );
+    vi.stubGlobal('fetch', fetchMock);
+
+    const { OnlyboxesSandboxProvider } = await import('./onlyboxes');
+    const provider = new OnlyboxesSandboxProvider({
+      marketService: {} as MarketService,
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await provider.callTool('execScript', {
+      command: 'python scripts/run.py',
+      config: { name: 'legacy skill' },
+      zipUrl: 'https://files.example.com/legacy.zip',
+    });
+
+    expect(result).toMatchObject({
+      result: {
+        stdout: 'from legacy skill\n',
+        success: true,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+
+    const setupBody = JSON.parse(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[0][1].body)) as { command: string };
+    const commandBody = JSON.parse(String(fetchMock.mock.calls[1][1].body)) as { command: string };
+    expect(setupBody.command).toContain("curl -fsSL 'https://files.example.com/legacy.zip'");
+    expect(setupBody.command).toContain('/legacy-skill/');
+    expect(commandBody.command).toContain('/legacy-skill');
+  });
+});

src/server/services/sandbox/providers/onlyboxes.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,901 @@
+import { createHmac } from 'node:crypto';
+
+import type { SandboxCallToolResult } from '@lobechat/builtin-tool-cloud-sandbox';
+import { isRecord } from '@lobechat/utils';
+import debug from 'debug';
+import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
+
+import { appEnv } from '@/envs/app';
+import { sandboxEnv } from '@/envs/sandbox';
+
+import type {
+  SandboxProvider,
+  SandboxProviderCapabilities,
+  SandboxProviderFileExportRequest,
+  SandboxProviderFileExportResult,
+  SandboxServiceOptions,
+} from '../types';
+
+const log = debug('lobe-server:sandbox:onlyboxes');
+
+const DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS = 120_000;
+const EXPORT_TASK_WAIT_MS = 60_000;
+const DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_SEC = 900;
+const DEFAULT_JIT_TTL_SEC = 1800;
+const JIT_TOKEN_PREFIX = 'obx_jit_v1.';
+const WRITE_FILE_CHUNK_BYTES = 48 * 1024;
+const SKILL_ARCHIVE_CACHE_DIR = '/tmp/lobe-skills';
+
+interface OnlyboxesTaskResponse {
+  error?: { code?: string; message?: string };
+  result?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  status?: string;
+  task_id?: string;
+}
+
+interface TerminalExecResult {
+  created?: boolean;
+  exit_code?: number;
+  lease_expires_unix_ms?: number;
+  session_id?: string;
+  stderr?: string;
+  stderr_truncated?: boolean;
+  stdout?: string;
+  stdout_truncated?: boolean;
+}
+
+export class OnlyboxesSandboxProvider implements SandboxProvider {
+  readonly capabilities = {
+    backgroundCommands: true,
+    exportFile: true,
+    files: true,
+    languages: ['python', 'javascript', 'typescript'],
+    persistentSession: true,
+    shell: true,
+    skillScripts: true,
+  } as const satisfies SandboxProviderCapabilities;
+
+  readonly kind = 'onlyboxes';
+
+  private readonly baseUrl: string;
+  private readonly jitIssuer: string;
+  private readonly jitSigningKey: string;
+  private readonly jitTTLSec: number;
+  private readonly leaseTTLSec: number;
+  private readonly options: SandboxServiceOptions;
+
+  constructor(options: SandboxServiceOptions) {
+    this.options = options;
+    this.baseUrl = (sandboxEnv.ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL || '').replace(/\/+$/, '');
+    this.jitIssuer = sandboxEnv.ONLYBOXES_JIT_ISSUER || appEnv.APP_URL || 'lobehub';
+    this.jitSigningKey = sandboxEnv.ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY || '';
+    this.jitTTLSec = sandboxEnv.ONLYBOXES_JIT_TTL_SEC || DEFAULT_JIT_TTL_SEC;
+    this.leaseTTLSec = sandboxEnv.ONLYBOXES_LEASE_TTL_SEC || DEFAULT_LEASE_TTL_SEC;
+  }
+
+  async callTool(
+    toolName: string,
+    params: Record<string, unknown>,
+  ): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    if (!this.baseUrl || !this.jitSigningKey) {
+      return this.errorResult('ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL and ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY are required');
+    }
+
+    try {
+      switch (toolName) {
+        case 'runCommand': {
+          return this.runCommand(params);
+        }
+
+        case 'getCommandOutput': {
+          return this.getCommandOutput(params);
+        }
+
+        case 'killCommand': {
+          return this.killCommand(params);
+        }
+
+        case 'executeCode': {
+          return this.executeCode(params);
+        }
+
+        case 'execScript': {
+          return this.execScript(params);
+        }
+
+        case 'listLocalFiles': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(listFilesScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'listFiles': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(listFilesScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'readLocalFile': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(readFileScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'readFile': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(readFileScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'writeLocalFile': {
+          return this.writeLocalFile(params);
+        }
+
+        case 'writeFile': {
+          return this.writeLocalFile(params);
+        }
+
+        case 'editLocalFile': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(editFileScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'editFile': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(editFileScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'searchLocalFiles': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(searchFilesScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'searchFiles': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(searchFilesScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'moveLocalFiles': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(moveFilesScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'moveFiles': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(moveFilesScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'grepContent': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(grepContentScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'globLocalFiles': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(globFilesScript, params);
+        }
+
+        case 'globFiles': {
+          return this.runJsonScript(globFilesScript, params);
+        }
+
+        default: {
+          return this.errorResult(`Unsupported Onlyboxes sandbox tool: ${toolName}`);
+        }
+      }
+    } catch (error) {
+      log('Onlyboxes tool %s failed: %O', toolName, error);
+      return this.errorResult((error as Error).message, (error as Error).name);
+    }
+  }
+
+  async exportFileToUploadUrl({
+    path,
+    uploadHeaders,
+    uploadUrl,
+  }: SandboxProviderFileExportRequest): Promise<SandboxProviderFileExportResult> {
+    if (!this.baseUrl || !this.jitSigningKey) {
+      return {
+        error: { message: 'ONLYBOXES_BASE_URL and ONLYBOXES_JIT_SIGNING_KEY are required' },
+        success: false,
+      };
+    }
+
+    try {
+      await this.ensureSession();
+
+      const task = await this.submitTask('terminalResource', {
+        action: 'export',
+        file_path: path,
+        headers: uploadHeaders,
+        session_id: this.sessionId,
+        signed_url: uploadUrl,
+      });
+
+      if (task.status !== 'succeeded') {
+        return {
+          error: { message: task.error?.message || 'Failed to export file from Onlyboxes sandbox' },
+          success: false,
+        };
+      }
+
+      return {
+        mimeType: String(task.result?.mime_type || ''),
+        result: task.result,
+        size: typeof task.result?.size_bytes === 'number' ? task.result.size_bytes : undefined,
+        success: true,
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      log('Onlyboxes export failed: %O', error);
+      return {
+        error: { message: (error as Error).message },
+        success: false,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  private get sessionId() {
+    const scope = `${this.options.userId}-${this.options.topicId}`;
+    return `lobe-${scope.replaceAll(/[^\w.-]/g, '-')}`;
+  }
+
+  private async executeCode(params: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    const code = String(params.code || '');
+    const language = String(params.language || 'python');
+
+    const runners: Record<string, string> = {
+      javascript: 'node',
+      python: 'python3',
+      typescript: 'npx --yes tsx',
+    };
+    const extensions: Record<string, string> = {
+      javascript: 'js',
+      python: 'py',
+      typescript: 'ts',
+    };
+    const runner = runners[language];
+
+    if (!runner) {
+      return this.errorResult(`Unsupported code language for Onlyboxes sandbox: ${language}`);
+    }
+
+    const filePath = `/tmp/lobe-code-${Date.now()}.${extensions[language]}`;
+    const writeResult = await this.writeTextFile({
+      content: code,
+      createDirectories: true,
+      path: filePath,
+      timeoutMs: this.timeout(params),
+    });
+
+    if (!writeResult.success) {
+      return writeResult;
+    }
+
+    const command = `${runner} '${filePath}'`;
+    const terminal = await this.execTerminal(command, this.timeout(params));
+
+    return {
+      result: {
+        error: terminal.exit_code === 0 ? undefined : terminal.stderr,
+        exitCode: terminal.exit_code,
+        output: terminal.stdout,
+        stderr: terminal.stderr,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private async execScript(params: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    const command = String(params.command || '');
+
+    if (!command.trim()) {
+      return this.errorResult('command is required');
+    }
+
+    const skillZipUrls = this.resolveExecScriptZipUrls(params);
+    const timeoutMs = this.timeout(params);
+
+    if (Object.keys(skillZipUrls).length === 0) {
+      return this.runCommand({ command, timeout: timeoutMs });
+    }
+
+    const defaultSkillName = this.resolveExecScriptSkillName(params, skillZipUrls);
+    const workspaceDir = this.skillWorkspaceDir(skillZipUrls);
+    const setupCommand = this.buildSkillSetupCommand({ skillZipUrls, workspaceDir });
+    const setup = await this.execTerminal(setupCommand, timeoutMs);
+
+    if (setup.exit_code !== 0) {
+      return {
+        error: { message: setup.stderr || setup.stdout || 'Failed to prepare skill resources' },
+        result: {
+          exitCode: setup.exit_code,
+          output: setup.stdout,
+          stderr: setup.stderr,
+        },
+        success: false,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const runDir = defaultSkillName
+      ? `${workspaceDir}/${this.safeSkillDirName(defaultSkillName)}`
+      : workspaceDir;
+    const result = await this.execTerminal(
+      `cd ${this.shellQuote(runDir)} && ${command}`,
+      timeoutMs,
+    );
+
+    return {
+      result: {
+        commandId: result.session_id,
+        exitCode: result.exit_code,
+        output: result.stdout,
+        stderr: result.stderr,
+        stdout: result.stdout,
+        success: result.exit_code === 0,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private async runCommand(params: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    const command = String(params.command || '');
+
+    if (!command.trim()) {
+      return this.errorResult('command is required');
+    }
+
+    if (params.background === true) {
+      const task = await this.submitTask(
+        'terminalExec',
+        {
+          command,
+          create_if_missing: true,
+          lease_ttl_sec: this.leaseTTLSec,
+          session_id: this.sessionId,
+        },
+        { mode: 'async', timeoutMs: this.timeout(params) },
+      );
+
+      if (task.error || !task.task_id) {
+        return this.errorResult(
+          task.error?.message || task.error?.code || 'Failed to start Onlyboxes background command',
+        );
+      }
+
+      return {
+        result: {
+          commandId: task.task_id,
+          shell_id: task.task_id,
+        },
+        success: true,
+      };
+    }
+
+    const terminal = await this.execTerminal(command, this.timeout(params));
+
+    return {
+      result: {
+        commandId: terminal.session_id,
+        exitCode: terminal.exit_code,
+        output: terminal.stdout,
+        stderr: terminal.stderr,
+        stdout: terminal.stdout,
+        success: terminal.exit_code === 0,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private resolveExecScriptZipUrls(params: Record<string, unknown>) {
+    const zipUrl = typeof params.zipUrl === 'string' ? params.zipUrl : undefined;
+    if (zipUrl) return { [this.resolveLegacyExecScriptSkillName(params)]: zipUrl };
+
+    if (!isRecord(params.skillZipUrls)) return {};
+
+    const result: Record<string, string> = {};
+
+    for (const [name, value] of Object.entries(params.skillZipUrls)) {
+      if (typeof value === 'string' && value) {
+        result[name] = value;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private resolveLegacyExecScriptSkillName(params: Record<string, unknown>) {
+    const configName = isRecord(params.config) ? params.config.name : undefined;
+    if (typeof configName === 'string' && configName) return configName;
+
+    if (Array.isArray(params.activatedSkills)) {
+      for (const skill of [...params.activatedSkills].reverse()) {
+        if (!isRecord(skill)) continue;
+
+        const name = typeof skill.name === 'string' ? skill.name : undefined;
+        if (name) return name;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return 'default';
+  }
+
+  private resolveExecScriptSkillName(
+    params: Record<string, unknown>,
+    skillZipUrls: Record<string, string>,
+  ) {
+    const configName = isRecord(params.config) ? params.config.name : undefined;
+    if (typeof configName === 'string' && skillZipUrls[configName]) return configName;
+
+    if (Array.isArray(params.activatedSkills)) {
+      for (const skill of [...params.activatedSkills].reverse()) {
+        if (!isRecord(skill)) continue;
+
+        const name = typeof skill.name === 'string' ? skill.name : undefined;
+        if (name && skillZipUrls[name]) return name;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const [firstName] = Object.keys(skillZipUrls);
+    return firstName;
+  }
+
+  private skillWorkspaceDir(skillZipUrls: Record<string, string>) {
+    const entries = Object.entries(skillZipUrls).sort(([left], [right]) =>
+      left.localeCompare(right),
+    );
+    const cacheKey = sha256(JSON.stringify(entries)).slice(0, 32);
+    return `${SKILL_ARCHIVE_CACHE_DIR}/${cacheKey || 'default'}`;
+  }
+
+  private buildSkillSetupCommand({
+    skillZipUrls,
+    workspaceDir,
+  }: {
+    skillZipUrls: Record<string, string>;
+    workspaceDir: string;
+  }) {
+    const quotedWorkspaceDir = this.shellQuote(workspaceDir);
+    const setupCommands = Object.entries(skillZipUrls).map(([name, zipUrl]) => {
+      const skillDir = `${workspaceDir}/${this.safeSkillDirName(name)}`;
+      const markerPath = `${skillDir}/.prepared`;
+      const archivePath = `${skillDir}/skill.zip`;
+      const quotedArchivePath = this.shellQuote(archivePath);
+      const quotedDir = this.shellQuote(skillDir);
+      const quotedMarkerPath = this.shellQuote(markerPath);
+      const quotedUrl = this.shellQuote(zipUrl);
+
+      return `if [ ! -f ${quotedMarkerPath} ]; then rm -rf ${quotedDir} && mkdir -p ${quotedDir} && curl -fsSL ${quotedUrl} -o ${quotedArchivePath} && unzip -q ${quotedArchivePath} -d ${quotedDir} && printf prepared > ${quotedMarkerPath}; fi`;
+    });
+
+    return [
+      `mkdir -p ${this.shellQuote(SKILL_ARCHIVE_CACHE_DIR)}`,
+      `mkdir -p ${quotedWorkspaceDir}`,
+      ...setupCommands,
+    ].join(' && ');
+  }
+
+  private safeSkillDirName(name: string) {
+    return name.replaceAll(/[^\w.-]/g, '-');
+  }
+
+  private shellQuote(value: string) {
+    return `'${value.replaceAll("'", "'\\''")}'`;
+  }
+
+  private async writeLocalFile(params: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    const path = String(params.path || '');
+
+    if (!path) {
+      return this.errorResult('path is required');
+    }
+
+    return this.writeTextFile({
+      content: String(params.content || ''),
+      createDirectories: params.createDirectories === true,
+      path,
+      timeoutMs: this.timeout(params),
+    });
+  }
+
+  private async writeTextFile({
+    content,
+    createDirectories,
+    path,
+    timeoutMs,
+  }: {
+    content: string;
+    createDirectories: boolean;
+    path: string;
+    timeoutMs: number;
+  }): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    const init = await this.runJsonScript(
+      prepareWriteFileScript,
+      { createDirectories, path },
+      timeoutMs,
+    );
+
+    if (!init.success) {
+      return init;
+    }
+
+    const bytes = Buffer.from(content);
+    let bytesWritten = 0;
+
+    for (let offset = 0; offset < bytes.length; offset += WRITE_FILE_CHUNK_BYTES) {
+      const chunk = bytes.subarray(offset, offset + WRITE_FILE_CHUNK_BYTES).toString('base64');
+      const append = await this.runJsonScript(
+        appendWriteFileChunkScript,
+        { chunk, path },
+        timeoutMs,
+      );
+
+      if (!append.success) {
+        return append;
+      }
+
+      bytesWritten += Number(append.result?.bytesWritten || 0);
+    }
+
+    return {
+      result: {
+        bytesWritten,
+        success: true,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private async getCommandOutput(params: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    const commandId = String(params.commandId || '');
+    if (!commandId) return this.errorResult('commandId is required');
+
+    const task = await this.request<OnlyboxesTaskResponse>(`/api/v1/tasks/${commandId}`, {
+      method: 'GET',
+    });
+
+    const running =
+      task.status === 'running' || task.status === 'pending' || task.status === 'dispatched';
+    const success = running || task.status === 'succeeded';
+    const result = task.result || {};
+
+    return {
+      error: task.error
+        ? { message: task.error.message || task.error.code || 'Task failed' }
+        : undefined,
+      result: {
+        error: task.error?.message,
+        newOutput: String(result.stdout || result.output || ''),
+        output: String(result.stdout || result.output || ''),
+        running,
+        stderr: String(result.stderr || ''),
+        success,
+      },
+      success: !task.error,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private async killCommand(params: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    const commandId = String(params.commandId || '');
+    if (!commandId) return this.errorResult('commandId is required');
+
+    const task = await this.request<OnlyboxesTaskResponse>(`/api/v1/tasks/${commandId}/cancel`, {
+      method: 'POST',
+    });
+
+    return {
+      error: task.error
+        ? { message: task.error.message || task.error.code || 'Failed to cancel task' }
+        : undefined,
+      result: {
+        success: !task.error,
+      },
+      success: !task.error,
+    };
+  }
+
+  private async runJsonScript(
+    script: string,
+    params: Record<string, unknown>,
+    timeoutMs = this.timeout(params),
+  ): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    const encoded = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(params)).toString('base64');
+    const command = `python3 - <<'PY'\n${script}\nmain('${encoded}')\nPY`;
+    const terminal = await this.execTerminal(command, timeoutMs);
+
+    if (terminal.exit_code !== 0) {
+      return {
+        error: { message: terminal.stderr || terminal.stdout || 'Onlyboxes script failed' },
+        result: null,
+        success: false,
+      };
+    }
+
+    try {
+      const result = JSON.parse(terminal.stdout || '{}') as Record<string, unknown>;
+
+      if (result.success === false) {
+        return {
+          error: { message: String(result.error || 'Onlyboxes script failed') },
+          result,
+          success: false,
+        };
+      }
+
+      return {
+        result,
+        success: true,
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      return {
+        error: { message: `Failed to parse Onlyboxes script output: ${(error as Error).message}` },
+        result: { output: terminal.stdout, stderr: terminal.stderr },
+        success: false,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async execTerminal(command: string, timeoutMs = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS) {
+    return this.request<TerminalExecResult>('/api/v1/commands/terminal', {
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        command,
+        create_if_missing: true,
+        lease_ttl_sec: this.leaseTTLSec,
+        session_id: this.sessionId,
+        timeout_ms: timeoutMs,
+      }),
+      method: 'POST',
+    });
+  }
+
+  private async ensureSession() {
+    await this.execTerminal(':', DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS);
+  }
+
+  private async submitTask(
+    capability: string,
+    input: Record<string, unknown>,
+    options?: { mode?: 'async' | 'auto' | 'sync'; timeoutMs?: number },
+  ) {
+    return this.request<OnlyboxesTaskResponse>('/api/v1/tasks', {
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        capability,
+        input,
+        mode: options?.mode || 'sync',
+        timeout_ms: options?.timeoutMs || DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS,
+        wait_ms: options?.mode === 'async' ? 1 : EXPORT_TASK_WAIT_MS,
+      }),
+      method: 'POST',
+    });
+  }
+
+  private async request<T>(path: string, init: RequestInit): Promise<T> {
+    const headers = new Headers(init.headers);
+    headers.set('Authorization', `Bearer ${this.createJITToken()}`);
+    headers.set('Content-Type', 'application/json');
+
+    const response = await fetch(`${this.baseUrl}${path}`, {
+      ...init,
+      headers,
+    });
+    const body = await response.text();
+    const json = body ? JSON.parse(body) : {};
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      const message =
+        typeof json?.error === 'string'
+          ? json.error
+          : typeof json?.error?.message === 'string'
+            ? json.error.message
+            : `Onlyboxes request failed with HTTP ${response.status}`;
+      throw new Error(message);
+    }
+
+    return json as T;
+  }
+
+  private createJITToken(now = Date.now()) {
+    const claims = {
+      exp: now + this.jitTTLSec * 1000,
+      iss: this.jitIssuer,
+      sub: this.options.userId,
+    };
+    const payload = Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(claims)).toString('base64url');
+    const signed = `${JIT_TOKEN_PREFIX}${payload}`;
+    const signature = createHmac('sha256', this.jitSigningKey).update(signed).digest('base64url');
+
+    return `${signed}.${signature}`;
+  }
+
+  private timeout(params: Record<string, unknown>) {
+    const value = params.timeout ?? params.timeout_ms;
+    return typeof value === 'number' && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : DEFAULT_TIMEOUT_MS;
+  }
+
+  private errorResult(message: string, name?: string): SandboxCallToolResult {
+    return {
+      error: { message, name },
+      result: null,
+      success: false,
+    };
+  }
+}
+
+const scriptPrelude = `
+import base64, json, os, re, shutil, glob, fnmatch
+from pathlib import Path
+
+def load_args(encoded):
+    return json.loads(base64.b64decode(encoded).decode())
+
+def emit(value):
+    print(json.dumps(value, ensure_ascii=False))
+`;
+
+const listFilesScript = `${scriptPrelude}
+def main(encoded):
+    args = load_args(encoded)
+    directory = args.get('directoryPath') or '.'
+    entries = []
+    for entry in os.scandir(directory):
+        stat = entry.stat()
+        entries.append({
+            'name': entry.name,
+            'path': entry.path,
+            'isDirectory': entry.is_dir(),
+            'size': stat.st_size,
+            'mtime': stat.st_mtime,
+        })
+    emit({'files': entries, 'totalCount': len(entries)})
+`;
+
+const readFileScript = `${scriptPrelude}
+def main(encoded):
+    args = load_args(encoded)
+    path = args.get('path')
+    start = args.get('startLine')
+    end = args.get('endLine')
+    text = Path(path).read_text(errors='replace')
+    lines = text.splitlines(True)
+    selected = lines
+    if start is not None or end is not None:
+        start_idx = max((start or 1) - 1, 0)
+        end_idx = end if end is not None else len(lines)
+        selected = lines[start_idx:end_idx]
+    content = ''.join(selected)
+    emit({
+        'content': content,
+        'filename': os.path.basename(path),
+        'charCount': len(content),
+        'totalCharCount': len(text),
+        'totalLineCount': len(lines),
+    })
+`;
+
+const prepareWriteFileScript = `${scriptPrelude}
+def main(encoded):
+    args = load_args(encoded)
+    path = Path(args.get('path'))
+    if args.get('createDirectories'):
+        path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    path.write_bytes(b'')
+    emit({'success': True})
+`;
+
+const appendWriteFileChunkScript = `${scriptPrelude}
+def main(encoded):
+    args = load_args(encoded)
+    path = Path(args.get('path'))
+    chunk = base64.b64decode(args.get('chunk') or '')
+    with path.open('ab') as file:
+        file.write(chunk)
+    emit({'bytesWritten': len(chunk), 'success': True})
+`;
+
+const editFileScript = `${scriptPrelude}
+def main(encoded):
+    args = load_args(encoded)
+    path = Path(args.get('path'))
+    search = args.get('search') or ''
+    replace = args.get('replace') or ''
+    text = path.read_text(errors='replace')
+    count = text.count(search)
+    if count == 0:
+        emit({'success': False, 'error': 'search text not found', 'replacements': 0})
+        return
+    new_text = text.replace(search, replace) if args.get('all') else text.replace(search, replace, 1)
+    replacements = count if args.get('all') else 1
+    path.write_text(new_text)
+    emit({'success': True, 'replacements': replacements, 'linesAdded': replace.count('\\n'), 'linesDeleted': search.count('\\n')})
+`;
+
+const searchFilesScript = `${scriptPrelude}
+from datetime import datetime
+
+def parse_time(value):
+    if not value:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return datetime.fromisoformat(str(value).replace('Z', '+00:00')).timestamp()
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+
+def main(encoded):
+    args = load_args(encoded)
+    directory = args.get('directory') or '.'
+    raw_keywords = args.get('keywords') or args.get('keyword') or ''
+    keywords = [item.strip() for item in str(raw_keywords).split() if item.strip()]
+    raw_file_types = args.get('fileTypes') or args.get('fileType') or []
+    if isinstance(raw_file_types, str):
+        raw_file_types = [raw_file_types]
+    file_types = [item if str(item).startswith('.') else f'.{item}' for item in raw_file_types if str(item).strip()]
+    modified_after = parse_time(args.get('modifiedAfter'))
+    modified_before = parse_time(args.get('modifiedBefore'))
+    content_contains = args.get('contentContains')
+    limit = args.get('limit')
+    results = []
+    for root, _, files in os.walk(directory):
+        for name in files:
+            if keywords and not all(keyword in name for keyword in keywords):
+                continue
+            if file_types and not any(name.endswith(file_type) for file_type in file_types):
+                continue
+            path = os.path.join(root, name)
+            try:
+                stat = os.stat(path)
+            except Exception:
+                continue
+            if modified_after is not None and stat.st_mtime < modified_after:
+                continue
+            if modified_before is not None and stat.st_mtime > modified_before:
+                continue
+            if content_contains:
+                try:
+                    if str(content_contains) not in Path(path).read_text(errors='replace'):
+                        continue
+                except Exception:
+                    continue
+            results.append({'name': name, 'path': path, 'size': stat.st_size, 'mtime': stat.st_mtime})
+    sort_by = args.get('sortBy')
+    reverse = args.get('sortDirection') == 'desc'
+    if sort_by == 'size':
+        results.sort(key=lambda item: item.get('size') or 0, reverse=reverse)
+    elif sort_by == 'date':
+        results.sort(key=lambda item: item.get('mtime') or 0, reverse=reverse)
+    else:
+        results.sort(key=lambda item: item.get('name') or '', reverse=reverse)
+    total = len(results)
+    if isinstance(limit, int) and limit > 0:
+        results = results[:limit]
+    emit({'results': results, 'totalCount': total})
+`;
+
+const moveFilesScript = `${scriptPrelude}
+def main(encoded):
+    args = load_args(encoded)
+    results = []
+    for op in args.get('operations') or []:
+        try:
+            shutil.move(op.get('source'), op.get('destination'))
+            results.append({'source': op.get('source'), 'destination': op.get('destination'), 'success': True})
+        except Exception as error:
+            results.append({'source': op.get('source'), 'destination': op.get('destination'), 'success': False, 'error': str(error)})
+    emit({'results': results, 'successCount': len([r for r in results if r.get('success')])})
+`;
+
+const grepContentScript = `${scriptPrelude}
+def main(encoded):
+    args = load_args(encoded)
+    directory = args.get('directory') or '.'
+    pattern = args.get('pattern') or ''
+    file_pattern = args.get('filePattern') or '*'
+    recursive = args.get('recursive', True)
+    regex = re.compile(pattern)
+    matches = []
+    walker = os.walk(directory) if recursive else [(directory, [], os.listdir(directory))]
+    for root, _, files in walker:
+        for name in files:
+            if not fnmatch.fnmatch(name, file_pattern):
+                continue
+            path = os.path.join(root, name)
+            try:
+                with open(path, 'r', errors='replace') as file:
+                    for index, line in enumerate(file, 1):
+                        if regex.search(line):
+                            matches.append({'path': path, 'lineNumber': index, 'line': line.rstrip('\\n')})
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+    emit({'matches': matches, 'totalMatches': len(matches)})
+`;
+
+const globFilesScript = `${scriptPrelude}
+def main(encoded):
+    args = load_args(encoded)
+    directory = args.get('directory') or '.'
+    pattern = args.get('pattern') or '*'
+    files = glob.glob(os.path.join(directory, pattern), recursive=True)
+    emit({'files': files, 'totalCount': len(files)})
+`;

src/server/services/sandbox/service.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+import type {
+  SandboxCallToolResult,
+  SandboxExportFileResult,
+} from '@lobechat/builtin-tool-cloud-sandbox';
+import debug from 'debug';
+import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
+
+import type {
+  SandboxCommandResult,
+  SandboxProvider,
+  SandboxProviderCapabilities,
+  SandboxProviderKind,
+  SandboxService,
+  SandboxServiceOptions,
+} from './types';
+
+const log = debug('lobe-server:sandbox:service');
+
+export class SandboxMiddlewareService implements SandboxService {
+  readonly capabilities: SandboxProviderCapabilities;
+  readonly kind: SandboxProviderKind;
+
+  constructor(
+    private readonly provider: SandboxProvider,
+    private readonly options: SandboxServiceOptions,
+  ) {
+    this.capabilities = provider.capabilities;
+    this.kind = provider.kind;
+  }
+
+  callTool(toolName: string, params: Record<string, unknown>): Promise<SandboxCallToolResult> {
+    return this.provider.callTool(toolName, params);
+  }
+
+  async exportAndUploadFile(path: string, filename: string): Promise<SandboxExportFileResult> {
+    const { fileService, topicId } = this.options;
+
+    if (!fileService) {
+      return {
+        error: { message: 'fileService is required for sandbox file export' },
+        filename,
+        success: false,
+      };
+    }
+
+    log('Exporting file: %s from path: %s, topicId: %s', filename, path, topicId);
+
+    try {
+      const now = Date.now();
+      const today = new Date(now).toISOString().split('T')[0];
+      const key = `code-interpreter-exports/${today}/${topicId}/${filename}`;
+      const upload = await fileService.createPreSignedUpload(key);
+
+      const exported = await this.provider.exportFileToUploadUrl({
+        filename,
+        path,
+        uploadHeaders: upload.headers,
+        uploadUrl: upload.url,
+      });
+
+      if (!exported.success) {
+        return {
+          error: {
+            message: exported.error?.message || 'Failed to export file from sandbox',
+            name: exported.error?.name,
+          },
+          filename,
+          success: false,
+        };
+      }
+
+      const metadata = await fileService.getFileMetadata(key);
+      const fileSize = metadata.contentLength;
+      const mimeType =
+        metadata.contentType ||
+        exported.mimeType ||
+        String(exported.result?.mimeType || '') ||
+        String(exported.result?.mime_type || '') ||
+        'application/octet-stream';
+      const fileHash = sha256(key + now.toString());
+
+      const { fileId, url } = await fileService.createFileRecord({
+        fileHash,
+        fileType: mimeType,
+        name: filename,
+        size: fileSize,
+        url: key,
+      });
+
+      return {
+        fileId,
+        filename,
+        mimeType,
+        size: fileSize,
+        success: true,
+        url,
+      };
+    } catch (error) {
+      log('Error exporting file: %O', error);
+
+      return {
+        error: { message: (error as Error).message },
+        filename,
+        success: false,
+      };
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export const normalizeSandboxCommandResult = (
+  result: SandboxCallToolResult,
+): SandboxCommandResult => {
+  if (!result.success) {
+    return {
+      exitCode: 1,
+      output: '',
+      stderr: result.error?.message || 'Command execution failed',
+      success: false,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const raw = result.result || {};
+  const rawExitCode = raw.exitCode ?? raw.exit_code;
+  const exitCode = typeof rawExitCode === 'number' ? rawExitCode : 0;
+  const output = String(raw.stdout || raw.output || '');
+  const stderr = raw.stderr === undefined ? undefined : String(raw.stderr);
+  const success = typeof raw.success === 'boolean' ? raw.success : exitCode === 0;
+
+  return {
+    exitCode,
+    output,
+    stderr,
+    success,
+  };
+};

src/server/services/sandbox/types.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+import type {
+  ISandboxService,
+  SandboxExportFileResult,
+} from '@lobechat/builtin-tool-cloud-sandbox';
+
+import type { FileService } from '@/server/services/file';
+import type { MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
+
+export type SandboxProviderKind = 'market' | 'onlyboxes';
+
+export interface SandboxSessionContext {
+  topicId: string;
+  userId: string;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxServiceOptions extends SandboxSessionContext {
+  fileService?: FileService;
+  marketService: MarketService;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxProviderCapabilities {
+  backgroundCommands: boolean;
+  exportFile: boolean;
+  files: boolean;
+  languages: string[];
+  persistentSession: boolean;
+  shell: boolean;
+  skillScripts: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxProvider extends Pick<ISandboxService, 'callTool'> {
+  readonly capabilities: SandboxProviderCapabilities;
+
+  exportFileToUploadUrl: (
+    request: SandboxProviderFileExportRequest,
+  ) => Promise<SandboxProviderFileExportResult>;
+
+  readonly kind: SandboxProviderKind;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxService extends ISandboxService {
+  readonly capabilities: SandboxProviderCapabilities;
+  readonly kind: SandboxProviderKind;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxFileExporter {
+  exportAndUploadFile: (path: string, filename: string) => Promise<SandboxExportFileResult>;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxProviderFileExportRequest {
+  filename: string;
+  path: string;
+  uploadHeaders?: Record<string, string>;
+  uploadUrl: string;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxProviderFileExportResult {
+  error?: { message: string; name?: string };
+  mimeType?: string;
+  result?: Record<string, unknown>;
+  size?: number;
+  success: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface SandboxCommandResult {
+  exitCode: number;
+  output: string;
+  stderr?: string;
+  success: boolean;
+}

src/server/services/skill/importer.test.ts

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ vi.stubGlobal('fetch', mockFetch);
 vi.mock('@/server/services/file/impls', () => ({
   createFileServiceModule: vi.fn().mockImplementation(() => ({
     createPreSignedUrl: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('mock-presigned-url'),
+    createPreSignedUpload: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ url: 'mock-presigned-url' }),
     createPreSignedUrlForPreview: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('mock-preview-url'),
     deleteFile: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
     deleteFiles: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
@@ -573,6 +574,7 @@ describe('SkillImporter', () => {
       const mockUploadBuffer = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ key: 'mock-key' });
       (createFileServiceModule as any).mockReturnValue({
         createPreSignedUrl: vi.fn(),
+        createPreSignedUpload: vi.fn(),
         createPreSignedUrlForPreview: vi.fn(),
         deleteFile: vi.fn(),
         deleteFiles: vi.fn(),
@@ -645,6 +647,7 @@ describe('SkillImporter', () => {
       const mockUploadBuffer = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ key: 'mock-key' });
       (createFileServiceModule as any).mockReturnValue({
         createPreSignedUrl: vi.fn(),
+        createPreSignedUpload: vi.fn(),
         createPreSignedUrlForPreview: vi.fn(),
         deleteFile: vi.fn(),
         deleteFiles: vi.fn(),
@@ -748,6 +751,7 @@ describe('SkillImporter', () => {
       const mockUploadBuffer = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ key: 'mock-key' });
       (createFileServiceModule as any).mockReturnValue({
         createPreSignedUrl: vi.fn(),
+        createPreSignedUpload: vi.fn(),
         createPreSignedUrlForPreview: vi.fn(),
         deleteFile: vi.fn(),
         deleteFiles: vi.fn(),
@@ -1013,6 +1017,7 @@ description: A nested skill
       const { createFileServiceModule } = await import('@/server/services/file/impls');
       (createFileServiceModule as any).mockReturnValue({
         createPreSignedUrl: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('mock-presigned-url'),
+        createPreSignedUpload: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({ url: 'mock-presigned-url' }),
         createPreSignedUrlForPreview: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue('mock-preview-url'),
         deleteFile: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),
         deleteFiles: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue(undefined),

src/server/services/toolExecution/serverRuntimes/__tests__/skills.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+
+const mocks = vi.hoisted(() => {
+  const sandboxService = {
+    callTool: vi.fn(),
+    capabilities: {
+      backgroundCommands: true,
+      exportFile: true,
+      files: true,
+      languages: ['python'],
+      persistentSession: true,
+      shell: true,
+      skillScripts: true,
+    },
+    exportAndUploadFile: vi.fn(),
+    kind: 'onlyboxes',
+  };
+
+  return {
+    checkHash: vi.fn(),
+    createSandboxService: vi.fn(() => sandboxService),
+    fileService: {
+      getFullFileUrl: vi.fn(),
+    },
+    findAll: vi.fn(),
+    findById: vi.fn(),
+    findByName: vi.fn(),
+    getAgentSkills: vi.fn(),
+    getUserSettings: vi.fn(),
+    marketService: {},
+    readResource: vi.fn(),
+    sandboxService,
+  };
+});
+
+vi.mock('@lobechat/builtin-skills', () => ({
+  builtinSkills: [],
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/database/models/agentSkill', () => ({
+  AgentSkillModel: vi.fn(() => ({
+    findAll: mocks.findAll,
+    findById: mocks.findById,
+    findByName: mocks.findByName,
+  })),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/database/models/file', () => ({
+  FileModel: vi.fn(() => ({
+    checkHash: mocks.checkHash,
+  })),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/database/models/user', () => ({
+  UserModel: vi.fn(() => ({
+    getUserSettings: mocks.getUserSettings,
+  })),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/helpers/skillFilters', () => ({
+  filterBuiltinSkills: vi.fn((skills: unknown) => skills),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/server/services/agentDocuments', () => ({
+  AgentDocumentsService: vi.fn(() => ({
+    getAgentSkills: mocks.getAgentSkills,
+  })),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/server/services/file', () => ({
+  FileService: vi.fn(() => mocks.fileService),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/server/services/market', () => ({
+  MarketService: vi.fn(() => mocks.marketService),
+}));
+
+vi.mock('@/server/services/sandbox', async () => {
+  const actual = await vi.importActual('@/server/services/sandbox');
+
+  return {
+    ...(actual as Record<string, unknown>),
+    createSandboxService: mocks.createSandboxService,
+  };
+});
+
+vi.mock('@/server/services/skill/resource', () => ({
+  SkillResourceService: vi.fn(() => ({
+    readResource: mocks.readResource,
+  })),
+}));
+
+describe('skillsRuntime', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks();
+
+    mocks.checkHash.mockResolvedValue({ isExist: true, url: 'skills/user-skill.zip' });
+    mocks.fileService.getFullFileUrl.mockResolvedValue('https://files.example.com/user-skill.zip');
+    mocks.findAll.mockResolvedValue({ data: [], total: 0 });
+    mocks.findById.mockResolvedValue(undefined);
+    mocks.findByName.mockImplementation(async (name: string) => {
+      if (name === 'user-skill') {
+        return {
+          id: 'user-skill-id',
+          name: 'user-skill',
+          zipFileHash: 'zip-hash-1',
+        };
+      }
+
+      return undefined;
+    });
+    mocks.getAgentSkills.mockResolvedValue([]);
+    mocks.getUserSettings.mockResolvedValue({ market: { accessToken: 'market-token' } });
+    mocks.sandboxService.callTool.mockResolvedValue({
+      result: {
+        exitCode: 0,
+        output: 'ok',
+        stdout: 'ok',
+        success: true,
+      },
+      success: true,
+    });
+  });
+
+  it('executes scripts through the sandbox service and only attaches persisted skill zips', async () => {
+    const { skillsRuntime } = await import('../skills');
+    const runtime = await skillsRuntime.factory({
+      serverDB: {} as never,
+      toolManifestMap: {},
+      topicId: 'topic-1',
+      userId: 'user-1',
+    });
+
+    const result = await runtime.execScript({
+      activatedSkills: [
+        { id: 'user-skill-id', name: 'user-skill' },
+        { id: 'builtin-skill-id', name: 'builtin-skill' },
+      ],
+      command: 'python scripts/run.py',
+      description: 'Run skill script',
+    });
+
+    expect(result.success).toBe(true);
+    expect(mocks.findByName).toHaveBeenCalledWith('user-skill');
+    expect(mocks.findByName).toHaveBeenCalledWith('builtin-skill');
+    expect(mocks.checkHash).toHaveBeenCalledWith('zip-hash-1');
+    expect(mocks.sandboxService.callTool).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+      'execScript',
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        command: 'python scripts/run.py',
+        description: 'Run skill script',
+        skillZipUrls: {
+          'user-skill': 'https://files.example.com/user-skill.zip',
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+});

src/server/services/toolExecution/serverRuntimes/cloudSandbox.ts

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import {
 
 import { FileService } from '@/server/services/file';
 import { MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
-import { ServerSandboxService } from '@/server/services/sandbox';
+import { createSandboxService } from '@/server/services/sandbox';
 
 import { type ServerRuntimeRegistration } from './types';
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ export const cloudSandboxRuntime: ServerRuntimeRegistration = {
 
     const marketService = new MarketService({ userInfo: { userId: context.userId } });
     const fileService = new FileService(context.serverDB, context.userId);
-    const sandboxService = new ServerSandboxService({
+    const sandboxService = createSandboxService({
       fileService,
       marketService,
       topicId: context.topicId,

src/server/services/toolExecution/serverRuntimes/skills.ts

@@ -2,7 +2,11 @@ import { builtinSkills } from '@lobechat/builtin-skills';
 import { LocalSystemApiName, LocalSystemIdentifier } from '@lobechat/builtin-tool-local-system';
 // Note: only `readFile` is wired through deviceGateway. Directory enumeration is
 // left to the model via `local-system.listFiles` so we don't double-fetch.
-import { type CommandResult, SkillsIdentifier } from '@lobechat/builtin-tool-skills';
+import {
+  type CommandResult,
+  type ExecScriptActivatedSkill,
+  SkillsIdentifier,
+} from '@lobechat/builtin-tool-skills';
 import {
   type DeviceFileAccess,
   type ExportFileResult,
@@ -10,18 +14,16 @@ import {
   SkillsExecutionRuntime,
 } from '@lobechat/builtin-tool-skills/executionRuntime';
 import type { BuiltinSkill, SkillItem, SkillListItem, SkillResourceContent } from '@lobechat/types';
-import type { CodeInterpreterToolName } from '@lobehub/market-sdk';
 import debug from 'debug';
-import { sha256 } from 'js-sha256';
 
 import { AgentSkillModel } from '@/database/models/agentSkill';
 import { FileModel } from '@/database/models/file';
 import { UserModel } from '@/database/models/user';
 import { filterBuiltinSkills } from '@/helpers/skillFilters';
-import { FileS3 } from '@/server/modules/S3';
 import { AgentDocumentsService } from '@/server/services/agentDocuments';
 import { FileService } from '@/server/services/file';
 import { MarketService } from '@/server/services/market';
+import { createSandboxService, normalizeSandboxCommandResult } from '@/server/services/sandbox';
 import { SkillResourceService } from '@/server/services/skill/resource';
 import { preprocessLhCommand } from '@/server/services/toolExecution/preprocessLhCommand';
 
@@ -30,6 +32,12 @@ import { type ServerRuntimeRegistration } from './types';
 
 const log = debug('lobe-server:skills-runtime');
 
+interface UserSettingsWithMarketToken {
+  market?: {
+    accessToken?: string;
+  };
+}
+
 class SkillServerRuntimeService implements SkillRuntimeService {
   private resourceService: SkillResourceService;
   private skillModel: AgentSkillModel;
@@ -88,12 +96,13 @@ class SkillServerRuntimeService implements SkillRuntimeService {
     }
 
     try {
-      const market = this.marketService.market;
+      const sandboxService = createSandboxService({
-      const response = await market.plugins.runBuildInTool(
+        fileService: this.fileService,
-        'runCommand' as any,
+        marketService: this.marketService,
-        { command: lhResult.command },
+        topicId: this.topicId,
-        { topicId: this.topicId, userId: this.userId },
+        userId: this.userId,
-      );
+      });
+      const response = await sandboxService.callTool('runCommand', { command: lhResult.command });
 
       log('runCommand response: %O', response);
 
@@ -106,14 +115,7 @@ class SkillServerRuntimeService implements SkillRuntimeService {
         };
       }
 
-      const result = response.data?.result || {};
+      return normalizeSandboxCommandResult(response);
-
-      return {
-        exitCode: result.exitCode ?? (response.success ? 0 : 1),
-        output: result.stdout || result.output || '',
-        stderr: result.stderr || '',
-        success: response.success && (result.exitCode === 0 || result.exitCode === undefined),
-      };
     } catch (error) {
       log('Error running command: %O', error);
       return {
@@ -128,69 +130,61 @@ class SkillServerRuntimeService implements SkillRuntimeService {
   execScript = async (
     command: string,
     options: {
-      config?: { description?: string; id?: string; name?: string };
+      activatedSkills?: ExecScriptActivatedSkill[];
       description: string;
-      runInClient?: boolean;
     },
   ): Promise<CommandResult> => {
-    const { config, description } = options;
+    const { activatedSkills, description } = options;
 
     if (!this.topicId) {
       throw new Error('topicId is required for execScript');
     }
 
     try {
-      // Look up skill zipUrl if config is provided (same logic as market.ts)
+      const enhancedParams: Record<string, unknown> = {
-      const enhancedParams: any = {
+        activatedSkills,
         command,
-        config,
         description,
       };
 
-      if (config?.name) {
+      if (activatedSkills?.length) {
-        const skill = await this.skillModel.findByName(config.name);
+        const skillZipUrls: Record<string, string> = {};
+
+        for (const activatedSkill of activatedSkills) {
+          if (!activatedSkill.name) continue;
+
+          const skill = await this.skillModel.findByName(activatedSkill.name);
 
-        // If skill not found, return error with available skills
           if (!skill) {
-          const allSkills = await this.skillModel.findAll();
+            log('No persisted skill bundle found for activated skill: %s', activatedSkill.name);
-          const availableSkills = allSkills.data.map((s) => s.name).join(', ');
+            continue;
-
-          const errorMessage = availableSkills
-            ? `Skill "${config.name}" not found. Available skills: ${availableSkills}`
-            : `Skill "${config.name}" not found. No skills available. Please import a skill first.`;
-
-          log('Skill not found: %s. Available skills: %s', config.name, availableSkills);
-
-          return {
-            exitCode: 1,
-            output: '',
-            stderr: errorMessage,
-            success: false,
-          };
           }
 
-        if (skill.zipFileHash) {
+          if (!skill.zipFileHash) continue;
-          // Get S3 key from globalFiles
+
-          const fileInfo = await this.fileModel.checkHash(skill.zipFileHash);
+          const fileInfo = await this.fileModel.checkHash(skill.zipFileHash);
+          if (!fileInfo.isExist || !fileInfo.url) continue;
 
-          if (fileInfo.isExist && fileInfo.url) {
-            // Convert S3 key to full URL
           const fullUrl = await this.fileService.getFullFileUrl(fileInfo.url);
           if (fullUrl) {
-              enhancedParams.zipUrl = fullUrl;
+            skillZipUrls[skill.name] = fullUrl;
-              log('Added zipUrl to execScript params for skill %s: %s', skill.name, fullUrl);
+            log('Resolved zipUrl for skill %s', skill.name);
-            }
-          }
           }
         }
 
-      // Call market-sdk's runBuildInTool
+        if (Object.keys(skillZipUrls).length > 0) {
-      const market = this.marketService.market;
+          enhancedParams.skillZipUrls = skillZipUrls;
-      const response = await market.plugins.runBuildInTool(
+          log('Added skillZipUrls to execScript params: %O', Object.keys(skillZipUrls));
-        'execScript' as CodeInterpreterToolName,
+        }
-        enhancedParams,
+      }
-        { topicId: this.topicId, userId: this.userId },
+
-      );
+      const sandboxService = createSandboxService({
+        fileService: this.fileService,
+        marketService: this.marketService,
+        topicId: this.topicId,
+        userId: this.userId,
+      });
+      const response = await sandboxService.callTool('execScript', enhancedParams);
 
       log('execScript response: %O', response);
 
@@ -203,14 +197,7 @@ class SkillServerRuntimeService implements SkillRuntimeService {
         };
       }
 
-      const result = response.data?.result || {};
+      return normalizeSandboxCommandResult(response);
-
-      return {
-        exitCode: result.exitCode ?? (response.success ? 0 : 1),
-        output: result.stdout || result.output || '',
-        stderr: result.stderr || '',
-        success: response.success && (result.exitCode === 0 || result.exitCode === undefined),
-      };
     } catch (error) {
       log('Error executing script: %O', error);
       return {
@@ -228,68 +215,21 @@ class SkillServerRuntimeService implements SkillRuntimeService {
     }
 
     try {
-      const s3 = new FileS3();
+      const sandboxService = createSandboxService({
-
+        fileService: this.fileService,
-      // Use date-based sharding (same as market.ts)
+        marketService: this.marketService,
-      const today = new Date().toISOString().split('T')[0];
+        topicId: this.topicId,
-      const key = `code-interpreter-exports/${today}/${this.topicId}/${filename}`;
+        userId: this.userId,
-
-      // Step 1: Generate pre-signed upload URL
-      const uploadUrl = await s3.createPreSignedUrl(key);
-      log('Generated upload URL for key: %s', key);
-
-      // Step 2: Call sandbox's exportFile tool with the upload URL
-      const market = this.marketService.market;
-      const response = await market.plugins.runBuildInTool(
-        'exportFile' as CodeInterpreterToolName,
-        { path, uploadUrl },
-        { topicId: this.topicId, userId: this.userId },
-      );
-
-      log('Sandbox exportFile response: %O', response);
-
-      if (!response.success) {
-        return {
-          filename,
-          success: false,
-        };
-      }
-
-      const result = response.data?.result;
-      const uploadSuccess = result?.success !== false;
-
-      if (!uploadSuccess) {
-        return {
-          filename,
-          success: false,
-        };
-      }
-
-      // Step 3: Get file metadata from S3
-      const metadata = await s3.getFileMetadata(key);
-      const fileSize = metadata.contentLength;
-      const mimeType = metadata.contentType || result?.mimeType || 'application/octet-stream';
-
-      // Step 4: Create persistent file record
-      const fileHash = sha256(key + Date.now().toString());
-
-      const { fileId, url } = await this.fileService.createFileRecord({
-        fileHash,
-        fileType: mimeType,
-        name: filename,
-        size: fileSize,
-        url: key, // Store S3 key
       });
-
+      const result = await sandboxService.exportAndUploadFile(path, filename);
-      log('Created file record: fileId=%s, url=%s', fileId, url);
 
       return {
-        fileId,
+        fileId: result.fileId,
-        filename,
+        filename: result.filename,
-        mimeType,
+        mimeType: result.mimeType,
-        size: fileSize,
+        size: result.size,
-        success: true,
+        success: result.success,
-        url, // This is the permanent /f:id URL
+        url: result.url,
       };
     } catch (error) {
       log('Error exporting file: %O', error);
@@ -319,7 +259,8 @@ export const skillsRuntime: ServerRuntimeRegistration = {
     try {
       const userModel = new UserModel(context.serverDB, context.userId);
       const userSettings = await userModel.getUserSettings();
-      marketAccessToken = (userSettings?.market as any)?.accessToken;
+      marketAccessToken = (userSettings as UserSettingsWithMarketToken | undefined)?.market
+        ?.accessToken;
       log(
         'Fetched market accessToken for user %s: %s',
         context.userId,