diff --git a/.kit/extensions/subagent-monitor.go b/.kit/extensions/subagent-monitor.go
index f7e86d0c..d61b2541 100644
--- a/.kit/extensions/subagent-monitor.go
+++ b/.kit/extensions/subagent-monitor.go
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@
 // - No channels in maps (Yaegi panics on range over map[string]chan)
 // - All ctx.* calls guarded with nil checks
 // - Simple data structures only
+// - The extension runner serializes handler calls per-extension, so
+//   concurrent subagent events cannot race on this shared state.
 package main
 
 import (
@@ -43,7 +45,8 @@ const (
 )
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Package-level state - all simple types
+// Package-level state — safe because the runner serializes all handler
+// invocations for the same extension (per-extension reentrant mutex).
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 var (
@@ -282,8 +285,8 @@ func Init(api ext.API) {
 
 		submonPushWidget()
 
-		// Remove the entry immediately (no goroutine to avoid races)
-		newEntries := submonEntries[:0]
+		// Remove the entry — build a new slice to avoid aliasing bugs
+		newEntries := make([]*submonEntry, 0, len(submonEntries))
 		for _, en := range submonEntries {
 			if en.callID != e.ToolCallID {
 				newEntries = append(newEntries, en)
diff --git a/examples/extensions/subagent-monitor_test.go b/examples/extensions/subagent-monitor_test.go
index 0129d73f..25a5fd28 100644
--- a/examples/extensions/subagent-monitor_test.go
+++ b/examples/extensions/subagent-monitor_test.go
@@ -130,6 +130,58 @@ func TestSubagentMonitor_MultipleSubagents(t *testing.T) {
 	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
 }
 
+// TestSubagentMonitor_ConcurrentSubagents verifies no panics when multiple
+// subagents emit events concurrently from different goroutines.
+func TestSubagentMonitor_ConcurrentSubagents(t *testing.T) {
+	harness := test.New(t)
+	harness.LoadFile("../../.kit/extensions/subagent-monitor.go")
+
+	_, err := harness.Emit(extensions.SessionStartEvent{SessionID: "test-session"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("SessionStart should not error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Start 5 subagents concurrently
+	done := make(chan struct{}, 5)
+	for i := range 5 {
+		go func(idx int) {
+			defer func() { done <- struct{}{} }()
+
+			callID := fmt.Sprintf("concurrent-%d", idx)
+			task := fmt.Sprintf("concurrent task %d", idx)
+
+			_, _ = harness.Emit(extensions.SubagentStartEvent{
+				ToolCallID: callID,
+				Task:       task,
+			})
+
+			// Emit many chunks rapidly
+			for j := range 20 {
+				_, _ = harness.Emit(extensions.SubagentChunkEvent{
+					ToolCallID: callID,
+					Task:       task,
+					ChunkType:  "text",
+					Content:    fmt.Sprintf("agent %d chunk %d", idx, j),
+				})
+			}
+
+			_, _ = harness.Emit(extensions.SubagentEndEvent{
+				ToolCallID: callID,
+				Task:       task,
+				Response:   "done",
+			})
+		}(i)
+	}
+
+	// Wait for all goroutines
+	for range 5 {
+		<-done
+	}
+
+	// Allow any final processing
+	time.Sleep(200 * time.Millisecond)
+}
+
 // TestSubagentMonitor_SessionShutdown verifies shutdown doesn't panic
 // even with nil ctx functions.
 func TestSubagentMonitor_SessionShutdown(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/internal/extensions/runner.go b/internal/extensions/runner.go
index c2b03f9e..0bd6aeac 100644
--- a/internal/extensions/runner.go
+++ b/internal/extensions/runner.go
@@ -1,21 +1,93 @@
 package extensions
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
 	"log"
 	"os"
+	"runtime"
 	"sort"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 )
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// reentrantMu — a per-extension mutex that allows the same goroutine to
+// re-enter (e.g. handler → ctx.EmitCustomEvent → handler in same extension).
+// Different goroutines are serialized, preventing concurrent state mutation.
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+type reentrantMu struct {
+	mu    sync.Mutex
+	cond  *sync.Cond
+	owner int64 // goroutine ID that holds the lock, or 0
+	depth int   // re-entrancy depth
+}
+
+// initReentrantMu initializes the reentrant mutex in-place. Must be called
+// after the struct is at its final memory location (not before copying).
+func (r *reentrantMu) init() {
+	r.cond = sync.NewCond(&r.mu)
+}
+
+// lock acquires the mutex. If the calling goroutine already holds it, the
+// call succeeds immediately (re-entrant). Every call to lock must be paired
+// with a call to unlock.
+func (r *reentrantMu) lock() {
+	gid := goroutineID()
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	if r.owner == gid {
+		// Re-entrant: same goroutine already holds the lock.
+		r.depth++
+		r.mu.Unlock()
+		return
+	}
+	// Wait for the current owner to release.
+	for r.owner != 0 {
+		r.cond.Wait() // releases mu, blocks, re-acquires mu on wake
+	}
+	r.owner = gid
+	r.depth = 1
+	r.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// unlock releases the mutex (or decrements re-entrancy depth).
+func (r *reentrantMu) unlock() {
+	r.mu.Lock()
+	r.depth--
+	if r.depth == 0 {
+		r.owner = 0
+		r.cond.Signal()
+	}
+	r.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// goroutineID extracts the current goroutine's ID from runtime.Stack output.
+// This is a well-known technique used by Go testing infrastructure.
+func goroutineID() int64 {
+	var buf [64]byte
+	n := runtime.Stack(buf[:], false)
+	// Stack output starts with "goroutine NNN ["
+	s := buf[:n]
+	s = s[len("goroutine "):]
+	s = s[:bytes.IndexByte(s, ' ')]
+	id, _ := strconv.ParseInt(string(s), 10, 64)
+	return id
+}
+
 // Runner manages loaded extensions and dispatches events to their handlers
 // sequentially. Handlers execute in extension
 // load order; for cancellable events the first blocking result wins.
+//
+// Each extension has a dedicated reentrant mutex so that handlers for the
+// same extension are serialized (preventing data races on shared package-level
+// state), while handlers for different extensions may execute concurrently.
 type Runner struct {
 	extensions      []LoadedExtension
+	extMu           []reentrantMu // per-extension reentrant mutex, indexed by extension position
 	ctx             Context
 	widgets         map[string]WidgetConfig   // keyed by widget ID
 	statusEntries   map[string]StatusBarEntry // keyed by status key
@@ -52,7 +124,11 @@ type LoadedExtension struct {
 
 // NewRunner creates a Runner from a set of loaded extensions.
 func NewRunner(exts []LoadedExtension) *Runner {
-	return &Runner{extensions: exts}
+	mus := make([]reentrantMu, len(exts))
+	for i := range mus {
+		mus[i].init()
+	}
+	return &Runner{extensions: exts, extMu: mus}
 }
 
 // SetContext updates the runtime context (session ID, model, etc.) that is
@@ -367,6 +443,11 @@ func (r *Runner) Emit(event Event) (Result, error) {
 	for i := range r.extensions {
 		ext := &r.extensions[i]
 		handlers := ext.Handlers[event.Type()]
+		if len(handlers) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		r.extMu[i].lock()
 		for _, handler := range handlers {
 			result, err := safeCall(handler, event, ctx)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -379,6 +460,7 @@ func (r *Runner) Emit(event Event) (Result, error) {
 
 			// Check for blocking/short-circuit results.
 			if isBlocking(result) {
+				r.extMu[i].unlock()
 				return result, nil
 			}
 
@@ -386,6 +468,7 @@ func (r *Runner) Emit(event Event) (Result, error) {
 			// the caller is responsible for applying the modifications.
 			accumulated = result
 		}
+		r.extMu[i].unlock()
 	}
 	return accumulated, nil
 }
@@ -712,11 +795,17 @@ func (r *Runner) EmitCustomEvent(name, data string) {
 
 	// Extension-registered handlers first (in load order).
 	for i := range r.extensions {
-		for _, h := range r.extensions[i].CustomEventHandlers[name] {
+		extHandlers := r.extensions[i].CustomEventHandlers[name]
+		if len(extHandlers) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		r.extMu[i].lock()
+		for _, h := range extHandlers {
 			safeInvoke(h)
 		}
+		r.extMu[i].unlock()
 	}
-	// Then dynamic subscriptions.
+	// Then dynamic subscriptions (not extension-scoped, no per-ext lock).
 	for _, h := range dynamicHandlers {
 		safeInvoke(h)
 	}
diff --git a/internal/extensions/runner_test.go b/internal/extensions/runner_test.go
index ec67be80..cedc076a 100644
--- a/internal/extensions/runner_test.go
+++ b/internal/extensions/runner_test.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package extensions
 
 import (
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
 )
 
@@ -571,3 +572,142 @@ func TestRunner_ContextPrintNilSafe(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestRunner_ConcurrentEmitSameExtension(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify that concurrent Emit calls for the same extension are serialized
+	// and don't cause data races on shared handler state.
+	var counter int
+	ext := makeHandlerExt("shared-state.go", map[EventType][]HandlerFunc{
+		SubagentStart: {
+			func(e Event, c Context) Result {
+				// Read-modify-write: racy without serialization.
+				v := counter
+				counter = v + 1
+				return nil
+			},
+		},
+		SubagentChunk: {
+			func(e Event, c Context) Result {
+				v := counter
+				counter = v + 1
+				return nil
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	r := makeRunner(ext)
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	const goroutines = 20
+	const iterations = 50
+	wg.Add(goroutines)
+	for range goroutines {
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			for range iterations {
+				_, _ = r.Emit(SubagentStartEvent{ToolCallID: "x"})
+				_, _ = r.Emit(SubagentChunkEvent{ToolCallID: "x"})
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	if counter != goroutines*iterations*2 {
+		t.Errorf("expected counter=%d, got %d (race detected)", goroutines*iterations*2, counter)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunner_ConcurrentEmitDifferentExtensions(t *testing.T) {
+	// Two extensions with independent state should not block each other
+	// and should both run correctly under concurrent Emit calls.
+	var counter1, counter2 int
+	ext1 := makeHandlerExt("ext1.go", map[EventType][]HandlerFunc{
+		SubagentStart: {
+			func(e Event, c Context) Result {
+				v := counter1
+				counter1 = v + 1
+				return nil
+			},
+		},
+	})
+	ext2 := makeHandlerExt("ext2.go", map[EventType][]HandlerFunc{
+		SubagentStart: {
+			func(e Event, c Context) Result {
+				v := counter2
+				counter2 = v + 1
+				return nil
+			},
+		},
+	})
+
+	r := makeRunner(ext1, ext2)
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	const goroutines = 20
+	const iterations = 50
+	wg.Add(goroutines)
+	for range goroutines {
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			for range iterations {
+				_, _ = r.Emit(SubagentStartEvent{ToolCallID: "x"})
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+	expected := goroutines * iterations
+	if counter1 != expected {
+		t.Errorf("ext1 counter: expected %d, got %d", expected, counter1)
+	}
+	if counter2 != expected {
+		t.Errorf("ext2 counter: expected %d, got %d", expected, counter2)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestRunner_ReentrantEmitCustomEvent(t *testing.T) {
+	// Verify that a handler can call EmitCustomEvent (which dispatches to
+	// the same extension's custom event handlers) without deadlocking.
+	var order []string
+	ext := LoadedExtension{
+		Path: "reentrant.go",
+		Handlers: map[EventType][]HandlerFunc{
+			SessionStart: {
+				func(e Event, c Context) Result {
+					order = append(order, "session_start")
+					// This triggers EmitCustomEvent for the same extension
+					// via a direct runner call (simulating ctx.EmitCustomEvent).
+					return nil
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		CustomEventHandlers: map[string][]func(string){
+			"test-event": {
+				func(data string) {
+					order = append(order, "custom:"+data)
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	r := makeRunner(ext)
+
+	// Wire up the handler to call EmitCustomEvent re-entrantly.
+	ext.Handlers[SessionStart] = []HandlerFunc{
+		func(e Event, c Context) Result {
+			order = append(order, "session_start")
+			r.EmitCustomEvent("test-event", "hello")
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+	r.extensions[0] = ext
+	// Rebuild mutexes after modifying extensions slice.
+	r.extMu = make([]reentrantMu, len(r.extensions))
+	for i := range r.extMu {
+		r.extMu[i].init()
+	}
+
+	_, err := r.Emit(SessionStartEvent{})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(order) != 2 || order[0] != "session_start" || order[1] != "custom:hello" {
+		t.Errorf("expected [session_start, custom:hello], got %v", order)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/kit/kit.go b/pkg/kit/kit.go
index e6885a0f..d19b71ac 100644
--- a/pkg/kit/kit.go
+++ b/pkg/kit/kit.go
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ type Kit struct {
 	bufferedLogger *tools.BufferedDebugLogger
 	authHandler    MCPAuthHandler // OAuth handler for remote MCP servers (may need Close)
 	opts           *Options       // stored for reload operations (skills, etc.)
+	mcpConfig      *config.Config // loaded MCP/server config, shared with subagents
 
 	// hasCustomSystemPrompt is true when the user explicitly configured a
 	// system prompt (via --system-prompt flag, config file, or SDK option).
@@ -849,6 +850,13 @@ type Options struct {
 	// (e.g. AGENTS.md) from the working directory.
 	NoContextFiles bool
 
+	// MCPConfig provides a pre-loaded MCP configuration. When set,
+	// LoadAndValidateConfig is skipped during Kit creation — avoiding
+	// viper access entirely. This is set automatically for in-process
+	// subagents (inheriting the parent's loaded config) and can be used
+	// by SDK consumers who build config programmatically.
+	MCPConfig *config.Config
+
 	// InProcessMCPServers registers mcp-go servers that run in the same
 	// process. Each key is the server name (used to prefix tool names, e.g.
 	// "docs__search"). The value must be a *[server.MCPServer].
@@ -1136,8 +1144,11 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, opts *Options) (*Kit, error) {
 	}
 	// ---- viperInitMu released — heavy I/O below runs concurrently ----
 
-	// Load MCP configuration. Use pre-loaded config if provided via CLI options.
-	if opts.CLI != nil && opts.CLI.MCPConfig != nil {
+	// Load MCP configuration. Use pre-loaded config if provided directly,
+	// via CLI options, or load from viper as a last resort.
+	if opts.MCPConfig != nil {
+		mcpConfig = opts.MCPConfig
+	} else if opts.CLI != nil && opts.CLI.MCPConfig != nil {
 		mcpConfig = opts.CLI.MCPConfig
 	}
 	if mcpConfig == nil {
@@ -1258,6 +1269,7 @@ func New(ctx context.Context, opts *Options) (*Kit, error) {
 		bufferedLogger:        agentResult.BufferedLogger,
 		authHandler:           setupOpts.AuthHandler,
 		opts:                  opts,
+		mcpConfig:             mcpConfig,
 		hasCustomSystemPrompt: hasCustomSystemPrompt,
 		beforeToolCall:        beforeToolCall,
 		afterToolResult:       afterToolResult,
@@ -1582,13 +1594,15 @@ func (m *Kit) Subagent(ctx context.Context, cfg SubagentConfig) (*SubagentResult
 		tools = SubagentTools()
 	}
 
-	// Create child Kit instance.
+	// Create child Kit instance. Pass the parent's loaded MCP config to
+	// avoid re-reading viper (which races with concurrent subagent spawns).
 	childOpts := &Options{
 		Model:        model,
 		SystemPrompt: systemPrompt,
 		Tools:        tools,
 		NoSession:    cfg.NoSession,
 		Quiet:        true,
+		MCPConfig:    m.mcpConfig,
 	}
 	child, err := New(ctx, childOpts)
 	if err != nil {